Personal Statement The Financial Manager - 855 Words

Personal Statement It was when I received a task as the â€Å"financial manager† of my siblings at the age of ten that I became interested in the power of money. As the eldest child of the family, I was put in charge of managing my siblings’ monthly allowance, giving them the amount they need every week and save the rest for later. This act of my parents does not only taught me money managing, but also brought me enthusiasm towards monetary issues, making accounting my greatest passion since then. Over time it became clear to me that the people who understand the monetary and banking system are capable of understanding the decisions made by governments and the future of society. I want to be one of those people, and that strengthen my determination to pursue accountancy and finance in the future. I find it a blessing to be able to live in a diversified community like Malaysia, and being able to work together as a whole. Interaction with people from different cultural ba ckground and getting to know another culture first-hand had made teamwork with people from different cultural background easier. With the multicultural society in Australia together with the significant increase in the educational quality of Australian Universities for the past decades, it is confirmed that Australia is the best place to further my tertiary education. This decision is strengthened by my parents’ support as in their opinion, studying abroad enhances the value of my degree and in the meantime,Show MoreRelatedVarious Types Of Occupational Fraud962 Words   |  4 Pagesof occupational fraud (www.acfe.com). Occupational fraud is any scheme that involves employees taking cash, resources, or misapplies assets of the business for their personal gain (www.smartceo.com). Type I: Corruption Corruption is an intentional, dishonest act where an employee abuses their position in the company for personal gain (www.curtin.edu.au). It can take many forms. Bribery is a form of corruption. This is receiving or paying for illegal advantages. An example of bribery is a companyRead MoreMACC program1548 Words   |  7 Pagescan accumulate evidences from different documents, statements and reports. Their reprehensibility is to provided reasonable assurance in entity’s daily operation. In this case, there are some materials has been founded in MCS. From my opinion, the internal audit could pay more attention on the manager’s internal control evaluation. The additional work can be started by evaluating all financial records to ensure the accuracy of the financial statements, and reviewing administrative control with the universityRead MoreEssay about Wk 1 Discussion813 Words   |  4 Pagesdefines an agency problem as a â€Å"conflict between the goals of a firmâ €™s owners and its managers† (Megginson Smart, 2009). It then defines agency costs as dollar costs that arise because of this conflict. In the corporate structure, stockholders are the owners of the firm, and they elect a board of directors to oversee the firm and help protect their investment. The board then hires the right corporate managers to run the firm with the goal of maximizing the wealth of the shareholders. In a vacuumRead MoreEarnings Management Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Financial statements provide useful information to a wide range of users. These users include shareholders, owners, investors, suppliers, managers, government and creditors etc. Many users rely on the information from financial statements to make decisions. Therefore, financial statements should be relevant, provide faithful representation, comparability, verifiability, timeliness and understandability. However, there are different evidences of managers manipulating the earningsRead MoreUnderstanding Financial Statement Fraud And Financial Statements1730 Words   |  7 PagesUnderstanding Financial Statement Fraud Anna Gallagher American Public Universityâ€Æ' Understanding Financial Statement Fraud Financial statement fraud is any intentional or grossly negligent violation of generally accounting principles (GAAP) that is undisclosed and materially effects any financial statement. Fraud can take many forms, including hiding both bad and god news. Research shows that financial statement fraud us relatively more likely to occur in companies with assets of less than $100 millionRead MoreThe Financial Status Of A Company1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe financial status of a company is a high priority for internal personal such as managers and external personal such as stockholders. The reason being that by developing financial statements and ratio analysis it allows all users to see the current and future status of a company’s financial state. Financial statements are beneficial, but have certain limitations that may cause issues, if unknown, when the company or individuals use them. This paper will discuss the benefits of ratio analysis andRead MoreMaster Of Science And Infor mation Management1015 Words   |  5 PagesProject Management Natasha Bing BA599 Capstone Project Dr. Joni Scott Grantham University Week 1 August 02, 2016 â€Æ' Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 2 2.0 Company Overview 4 3.0 Project Charter 5 3.1 Mission Statement 5 3.2 Stakeholder Identification 5 3.3 Scope / Statement of Work (SOW) 7 3.4 Objective 3.5 Deliverables 4.0 Pricing 8 5.0 Market Analysis 10 6.0 Requirements Gathering and Analysis 11 7.0 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 12 8.0 Project Schedule 13 9.0 Change Management PolicyRead MoreReporting Practices and Ethics Paper996 Words   |  4 PagesFinancial management is very crucial in today’s health care financial procedures. It is one the most important aspects of the financial health care. There are many assessments made- based the financial records and the business transactions that occur within the health care organization. It is crucial the financial records are kept up- to -date and they follow specific guidelines. The books kept up- to- date and in order, this will show the amount of money being brought into the organization for profitRead MoreCooking the Books Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Cooking the Books† is to cover the business ethics of an accounting manager ordering one of his accountants to falsifying a company’s accounting ledger. The Generally Accepted Accounting Principle of expense recognition was not followed. The accounting manager was attempting to commit fraud for personal ga in, he does this by manipulating the books to show higher revenue in order to meet the volume for management bonus. The accounting manager also created a hostile working environment by threating his accountant’sRead MorePersonal Strategic Plan For A Business Organization1282 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of this paper would be a personal strategic plan for myself in which visualizes me as a business organization, or as You, Inc. Therefore, to create a personal strategy one must examine a mission statement, vision statement, and understand the environmental scan to identify external opportunities and threats; in which, an individual or organization gathers information about the market, society, its competitors, and oneself. A mission statement defines an individual purpose for achieving

Hamlets Inner and Outer Conflict in Shakespeares Hamlet...

Conflict, in literary context, can be defined as â€Å"the opposition of persons or forces that gives rise to the dramatic action in a drama or fiction.† Conflicts can be external, between two or more persons, or internal, within one’s self. In most literature the conflict adds to the execution of the plot itself. Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† makes use of both forms of conflict as an essential element of the play. I will show how â€Å"Hamlet† presents inner and outer conflicts with examples of each and how their resolutions (if any) serve as a major part of the overall play itself. Inner Conflict Over the course of the play Hamlet has a number of ongoing conflicts within himself. These conflicts, in my opinion, serve as Hamlet’s greatest†¦show more content†¦It is this mourning that becomes the foundation of conflicts to come. After an encounter with his father’s ghost, Hamlet learns of his uncle’s treachery and is at first filled with rage, â€Å"Haste me to know’t, that I with wings as swift, as meditation or the thoughts of love, may sweep to my revenge.† (Hamlet aside, Act I, Scene V, p.1651), but it is Hamlet’s struggle with himself that leads to not act upon his words as fast as he had clamed to. Outer Conflict An example of (and the initial) external conflict exists between Hamlet and his uncle and mother. Hamlet, already in mourning, is greatly angered at his mother, Gertrude, queen of Denmark, and his uncle, Claudius, the new king of Denmark, for marrying so shortly after the death of his father. Hamlet does not openly express his discontent towards Gertrude and Claudius at first, though he does make his mourning known â€Å"Seems, madam! nay it is; I know not seems. Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother†¦ These but the trappings and the suits of woe.† (Hamlet to Gertrude, Act I, Scene II, p. 1640), as well other characters, â€Å"I pray thee, do not mock me, fellow-student†¦I think it was to see my mothers wedding. Thrift, thrift, Horatio! the funeral baked meats did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables. Would I had met my dearest foe in heaven or ever I had seen that day, Horatio!† (Hamlet to Horatio, Act I, Scene II, p. 1642) ThisShow MoreRelatedHow Does Shakespeare Use Conflict in Hamlet as a Way of Exploring Ideas?2520 Words   |  11 Pagesdoes Shakespeare use conflict in Hamlet as a way of exploring ideas? An individuals response to conditions of internal and external conflict is explored throughout literature. In his play, Hamlet, Shakespeare delves into the themes of appearance versus reality, lies versus deceit, rejection versus self doubt and tragedy, and in doing so attacks the frivolous state of humanity in contemporary society. In order to explore these themes, however, he uses several forms of conflict to project his opinionsRead MoreWinston Smith of George Orwell’s 1984 and Hamlet of Shakespeare’s Hamlet1560 Words   |  7 Pagesexist in classic literature, Winston Smith of George Orwell’s 1984 and Hamlet of William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.† Hamlet is the true classic tragic hero, though, because he is of noble birth, possesses high moral standards, completes the task he is given to better the world, and causes tragedy in both his life and the lives of others. Traditionally, a tragic hero is one who is of noble or high birth. Hamlet himself is a prince while Winston Smith, in respect to the social hierarchyRead MoreThe Journey of the Mind in Shakespeares Hamlet757 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the protagonists of Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex and Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, a single truth. While these works of literature are separated by years, each similarly exhibits the archetype of journeys. However, to voyage as these characters have is not simply by knowing the contours of the road they travel, but to trace a profound transformation on an internal level. For unfortunate King Oedipus and a likewise infamous Prince Hamlet, their journeys are not just physical, but of the mindRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1990 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the course of Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet†, the character of young Hamlet exemplifies an often puzzling and ambivalent persona. During the play, Hamlet is often co ntradicting of himself. By role-playing, or self-fashioning, Hamlet is able to balance his virtues in order to stay true to himself. This is demonstrated by his decisions to act upon something, as well as his inactions to not act upon something. The obscurity of Hamlet’s mannerisms are displayed within two conflicting personas: one thatRead MoreHamlets Reasons For Not Killing His Uncle, Claudius 1936 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Why did Hamlet take so long to finally kill Claudius?† Many philosophers have dappled into Shakespeare’s most controversial book. Some looking for answers, and trying to find a deeper understanding as to why Hamlet has hesitation towards the murder of Claudius. Ernest Jones’s pounders with many theories to answer this question in his most famous article, The Oedipus-Complex as An Explanation of Hamlets Mystery: A Study in Motive.† Jones begins with playing off Hamlet’s fears, the idea that maybeRead MoreANALIZ TEXT I NTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesprovide direction to the plot, and focus the attention of the reader. Most plots originate in some significant conflict. The conflict may be either external, when the protagonist (also referred to as the focal character) is pitted against some object outside himself, or internal, in which case the issue to be resolved is one within the protagonist’s psyche or personality. External conflict may reflect a basic opposition between man and nature (such as in Jack London’s famous short story â€Å"To Build a

Essentials of Managing Human Resources for Hotel - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEssentials of Managing Human Resources for Grand Hotel. Answer: Grand Hotel has a well-placed policy and culture on workplace safety and wellness. The firm trains its employees constantly including the new and on-going employees within the organization. In this case, the problem causing the increased workplace accidents can be equated to the lack of supervision and accountability to ensure the workers observe the issues focused on in the training programs[1]. The fact that the training and adequate facilities remain available to the workers and the guests suggests the lack of proper enforcement[2]. As noted, the safety audit by the body indicated all things were in place, as could be observed. However, the applicability of the items provided and the supervision to ensure its implementation hangs in the balance. Thus, the core issue remains with the enforcement authority to ensure all efforts are put into practice. The accident and injury claims might be increasing owing to the lack policies or workforce to supervise and ensure all workers utilize and adhere to the safety standards set in place. Most of the workers might be trained but fail to materialize the same within the organization. For instance, if a security process seems long for an individual, one might take the option of a shortcut which might bypass the required standards. Therefore, the lack of adherence and the absence of an enforcement unit might be the leading factor to the increase in accident claims including back and wrist injuries[3]. As such, the required lifting procedures and materials are not being utilized fully, and there is no administration effort in ensuring the processes remain followed. Employers and employees are responsible for the execution of workplace safety policies. In the case of the scenario, the firm has done its best to ensure the provision of items and training of staff on the use of the commodities procured. On the other hand, the duty of the employees is to utilize the resources and air views whenever such provisions decrease in supply. In this case, the Hotel needs to ensure employees adhere to the policies and procedures indicated in the facility. Thus, there is a need to create a task force to ensure implementation of the policies by observing and carrying audits on the frequency at which employees utilize the resources. By so doing, the firm would ensure the workers work in a safe environment and a healthy manner. The Hotel has a culture of well-being as evidenced by the provisions provided to the facility. First, the firm has given enough provisions which surpass those spelled out by the law. Employees, upon entering the organization undergo training which prepares them for a safe environment using the items provided according to the law[4]. Besides, the existing employees undergo refresher training and training whenever new safety measures are instituted. At the same time, the safety audit conducted when the employees complained ascertain the presence of proper standards which justify the culture of well-being within the hospitality Bibliography Antonsen, Stian.Safety culture: theory, method and improvement. CRC Press, 2017. Fang, Dongping, and Haojie Wu. "Development of a Safety Culture Interaction (SCI) model for construction projects."Safety science57 (2013): 138-149. Helmreich, Robert L., James R. Klinect, and John A. Wilhelm. "System safety and threat and error management: The line operational safety audit (losa)." InProceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. 2017. Prudhomme, Brigitte, Brigitte Prudhomme, Louis Raymond, and Louis Raymond. "Implementation of sustainable development practices in the hospitality industry: A case study of five Canadian hotels."International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 28, no. 3 (2016): 609-639.

Mr Essays - Personality Traits, Personality,

It is hard to determine if personality changes across our lifespan through verbal actions and cognitive recalling. Debates and studies came by to prove their stands on the subject, in which experiments and analysis of personality changes are tested across various stages of the life cycle. Most notably, longitudinal researches on young adulthood are being compared to those in adulthood and old age to affirm that personality stability is unstable initially before fixing itself in the advancing years. As mentioned previously, personality usually changes in young adulthood due to encounters that exposed people to new happenings in life such as attending school and working in a new environment. (Arnett, 2000; Erikson, 1963; Helson, 1983; White 1996). Costa Fraley, R. C.; Roberts, B. W.; Trzesniewski, K. H., 2001). Four types of personality stability and changes are used for studies to determine personality stability for young adults. It is mainly Normative Change; Rank-order Stability; Structural Stability and Ipsative Stability (eg. Blocks Caspi Mortimer, J. T., Finch, M.D., Kumka, D. S. 1982). Under Normative Changes, several studies followed closely on personality changes from adolescence through young adulthood. Majority of the studies focused mainly on Openness to Experience, one of the dimensions of the Big Five. Stewart (1964) conducted a four year longitudinal study of Berkeley students and discovered a decrease in absolutism likewise a raise in expectation and creativity. Sanford (1956) found that Vassar College students became less cautious and more open-minded. Thus many traits related to Openness of Experience surges during young adulthood (Robin et al, 2001). Looking at the next component of the Big Five, Conscientiousness, Haan. N., Millsap, R. & Hartka, E. (1986) found an increase in loyalty in both sexes age 17 to 30 years old. Helson & Moane (1987) revealed a rise in abstinence in young adulthood. Mixed longitudinal studies in young adulthood were conducted to find out the degree of Extraversion in them. Stewart (1964) observed an increase in supremacy and extraversion in a group of students. Correspondingly, Carmichael & McGue (1994) learned a rise in extraversion in a study of twins from ages 16 to 35. However, the most constant verdict will be the unchanged positive emotions during college years. Nichols (1967) found no change in amiability and Haan et al (1986) noted no changes in determination in young adulthood. From the above examples, longitudinal research to date shows that Extraversion remains relatively unchanged in young adulthood (Robin et al, 2001). In contrast, studies of Neuroticism yielded results that show either no change in the trait or a decrease in it. Nichols (1967) could not find any changes in the level of distress. No changes were observed for happiness (Roberts Viken et al, 1994). Other studies showed that conversion of adolescence to young adulthood is distinguished by the increment in self-acceptance (Stein et al, 1986) and sensitivity towards others (Carmichael Watson & Walker, 1996). Despite of the mixture of consequences, there are great amount of evidence which backs the hypothesis that neuroticism decreases in college goers (Robin et al, 2001). A few studies were done in relation to Agreeableness. Haan et al (1986) reported different alteration sequence for men and women in early adulthood. Men tend to experience lowering of affection while women will show more hospitality towards others. In another study conducted by McGue et al (1993), there was a drop in hostility from adults of age 20 to 30 years. The amount of longitudinal evidence suggests an increase in Agreeableness in young adults. Agreeing with that point, cross-sectional research shows that college students are likely to have reduced Agreeableness than older adults (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1994b). As a whole, previous research on personality change during young adulthood supports the hypothesis that Openness to Experience,

Television in Emirati Culture

Television in Emirati Culture Introduction Among the GCC countries, the UAE is the pioneer to safeguard the national interest with forward looking strategy to preserving natural resources for the future generation; their ancestors dealt with great wisdom and invested their early efforts and resources for reorganizing the nation in order to make benefited the Emirati citizens to sharing the fruits of the joint progress.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Television in Emirati Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The ambitious and responsible ancestors of the Emiratis possibly would effectively shape the future vigorously appealing towards the growing socioeconomic changes, representing their well-built families and communities lean towards moderate Islamic values along with deep-rooted heritage of Islamic radicalism where Emiratis are confident citizens who aimed to establish dignity of their nation by implementing moral values for the b etter achievement. The challenge of establishing a contemporary and progressive nation in the Middle East region with the aim to sharing the fruits of the common development of Emirati people from their cultural perspectives to their professional, business and social life that prolonged from the long heritage of Arab nations in this zone. George (2012) stated that television network of Egypt, KSA, and the UAE are strongly interlinked with each other in such way that any dish or cable business would be failed in this region if they do not integrate the three cultural combinations in their network; however, market for TV advertisement in these countries are around US$1.9 billion per year. Different pay channels mentioned that in the UAE 10 % of their families are connected with pay channels where 58 channels like Viacom, Fox, and Sony along with Sky News are available with four hundred channels, which generate huge revenue from this sector; however, the television has influential impa ct on the local culture and behavioural change of the citizens. The UAE is the gateway of the Far East and western hemisphere throw a dynamic maritime linkage in ambition to welcome people all over the world to enjoy the cultural heritage of this region along with materialization, socioeconomic progress and prosperity of the country with an amalgamation of local and expatriate culture (ECC, 2012, p.5). The most important question is what exactly belongs to the local culture; whether the local people uphold their old Arab culture with religion radicalism and blindness or they are able to handshake with modern western culture, do the government persistence with democratic culture, do the society provide equal treatment to the women.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ancient Arab culture was much uncivilized, rude towards female, apart from human values, now, almost 90 % population of the country is expatiate from the emerging Asian countries where they are most moderate free from religious radicalism concerned with their job performance rather than cultural issues. To identifying the local culture, it should look to the anthropological heritage of the UAE that has already recognized and honoured by all nations of the world for its glorious cultural heritage along with the way of restructuring concurrent culture with amalgamation with the foreign culture where television plays a dominating role in this cultural struggles. Study Problem It is important to state that the culture of the UAE society is quite different from the rest of the world because of its excessive conservativeness; as a result, the impact of TV in its culture is quite severe than other nations. Consequently, in order to find out the effect of TV over the Emirati viewers, it is essential to focus on the culture and diversity of the UAE in this part of the paper. Bar d (2005, p.2) pointed out that the misrepresentation has prolonged in the Arab world that they have gained enough progress in terms of awarding and well protecting basic human rights and womens rights, but the reality is totally different, as women are treated as ‘instruments for enjoyment’; however, the mentality of the UAE viewers are changing because of various TV-networks. Gender discrimination, unequal property rights, freedom of speech or freedom of choice are prohibited for Arab women; they are treated as exclusive property of their husbands (which is mostly deep-rooted patriarchy that their ancestors inherited from old cultures); however, such views are changing slowly due to cable networks. It’s a long myth that democracy and human rights situation in UAE has progressed enough in relation to other Arab countries, but reality is quite different and real scenario of democracy is very devastating, as people have no power to make any change in the state powe r the source of real power is conserved to the sultans rather than parliament.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Television in Emirati Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in some cases, free cable networks on TVs and other media like internet can pose problems to the government. Even the present UAE rulers in November 2012 proclaimed a new degree on the title â€Å"Cyber Crime Protection Act†, which reflected the intolerance and of the government by criminalizing the way of non-violent democratic movement organized by using the internet, where the government urged to identify the political actors of the democratic movement as miscreant or â€Å"unlicensed demonstrations†. This is a new culture of the UAE rulers to victimize the political actors as well as mass people; however, such political cultures are possibly found under the undemocratic and autocratic dictatorship, where huma n rights and democracy are under threat. On the other hand, the prevailing idea about the UAE labour law was that it is ensuring the ‘model of best practice’ through compliance with the EPP terms, but in reality, it is violating this, as the contractors are getting financial incentives rather than any sanction for the law violation; this culture has indicated the inefficacy of UAE legal system. Sabban (2005) presented the most devastating data regarding the workforce of the country that demonstrated that the workforce of the realm is providing a stable economic growth that consist of 80.43 % expatriate men, 10.48 % expatriate women, 7.90 % national men and 1.18% national women; where the contribution of expatriate workers are 90.90% and 9.1% by the local workers. The largest economic actors of 90.90% in the UAE are seriously suppressed from different socioeconomic and cultural operation that immediately requires socialization to balance the demography from the dangerous impact of the socio-political violence, where the television could play a pioneering role to socializing the expatriates; so, this study has aimed to identifying the role of television in this concern. The Goals of the Study The society of this country consists with an imbalanced population in ratio of local and overseas population where about 91.0% workers are expatriates and almost 9% employees are local; however, the large part is under suppression due to their foreign identity, although it is quite impossible for the employers to move the wheel of economy without the contribution of expatriates.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The 90% of the population is from different ethic group and cannot interact in local language, the employers and employees both have not any fluency level in the English; however, it is difficult for them to understand the local culture due to lack of interaction though local television channels have a potential role to remove language problem of the expatriates. The local TV as a mass media has a wider scope to amalgamate the large number of expatriates into the mainstream of demography; in addition, by doing so, the television channels could improve the relationship between the two cooperating class into a single platform of common interest where they do not think one another as enemy. Consequently, Sabban (2005) and Stork (2012, p.1) stated that the local and foreign employees could exchange their feelings and emotions to each other that would develop a friendly atmosphere for socializing the expatriates that would ultimately reduce the brutal behaviour to the foreign workers in UAE, remove discrimination and improve economic contribution by the expatriates. At the same time, Sabban (2005) and Stork (2012, p.1) further addressed that the positive impact of television in the Emirati culture could explore the national economy and a stable population growth by socializing into the mainstream demography. The Study Inquiries The socialization process in the UAE society is very difficult due to its immigration law like citizenship of this country may not automatically provide to any foreigner with less efforts; during the time of the federalization, it was decided that the citizenship would be awarded to a person who is able to demonstrate affiliation with any of the local tribes. Mutual relationship may not have any influence on the citizenship or connection with local native families and even Sheikhs, could assist to granting citizenship that has categorised into three types such as full citizen, legal citizen, and citizen by family relationship or naturalizati on, the holder of any of the first two types of citizens could apply for full citizenship. However, El-Baltaji (2009, p.1) further addressed that the citizenship is not a vital problem to live in the UAE, any person could live and spend a long-time without having citizenship otherwise any ruling of Sheikh while the UAE citizenship are automatically awarded to the child whose father possesses full citizenship. On the other hand, El-Baltaji (2009, p.1) explored that women expatriates would not get citizenship for children for their children though they become part of the UAE culture; at the same time, media also have both positive and negative impact on them. The most horrible law that they would not allow to have any dual citizenship; candidates have to surrender his/her previous citizenship before applying for the UAE, the nationalization law of UAE has formed further dilemmas and controversies in the society that previously stabilized with fair share of dichotomy as well as conflic t that ultimately generate new area of conflict. Continuous rising of female domestic workers imported from overseas countries for the amusement and luxury of the ruling families have generated further complexity with the culture as no employment law could prevent the citizenship of such domestic workers; moreover, male industrial worker faces a lots of problem to gaining citizenship; this also creates cultural problem in the UAE. Due to lack of fair immigration policy and well-designed socialization process, the society of UAE has been automatically balancing abnormal and complex composition of population, for a balanced and future looking nest generation, it is obvious for the UAE policy makers to introduce a quick and easy socialisation process by which the expatriates would get citizenship easily. The Importance of the Study The impact of television in the Emirati Culture is a very significant study with the background to the Arab spring and its consequential impact that would p rolong to the society for a long time. Television as a source of mass media communication in the UAE, it has a long impact on continuous and growing integration of major political and democratic institutions where culture influences the people’s live with the charismatic dominance on media and this is the response to the classical inquiry how media have an effect on society and culture of the UAE. Standing on the reality of Arab Spring that has contributed a completely new social and political condition that would aggressively restructure the culture and society, the UAE has just evidenced without any previous experience or theoretical analysis; conventionally, the mass media has considered a separate entry isolated from the society and culture that prolonged in the concurrent UAE society. The contemporary society of the UAE has verified the media with not just an array of purely technologies that establish linkage between the active parties who are considered as fit for furt her force on the social factors, but it can reengineered for the greater change of the culture in the extent by reshaping mass media like television and even internet. The message and appeal presented by mass media has threaten the ruling class of the UAE that was ringing the bell of falling autocracy, and religion radicalism; in the name of Islamic law, there is no chance to deprive the people from democracy or impose extreme burden of Islamic cultural in order to save ruling families from the democratic movement. On the other hand, for the continuous development of the television media would largely increase conscious people; consequently, the inherited family based dictators in this region were able to hearing the death sentence of Islamic monarchy who does not dare to put into practice of democracy, human and equal rights for women. At the same time, general people are seriously influenced by the news and other related programs though present ruling system is forcing to destroy the people’s unity who eager for democracy by misleading the cultural, political, and social institutions with the ill intention to rescue the Arab monarchies from the influence of mass media. Assumptions El-Baltaji (2009, p.1) explored the real scenario of the UAE mass media with assumption that government of the UAE were planning to introduce draft media law 2009 to replace the old Press and Publications Law 1980, which designed to establish control over the mass media and communication by integrating sixteen punishable offence for criticizing the royal family and the religion. During the proclamation of new media law 2009, the government created panic among the media workers by conducting fear campaign for journalists by imposing different punishment and harassment through the law enforcement agencies; at the same time, the government propagated that the mass media of the UAE has been enjoying substantial freedom in the country. This research has aimed to investigate the i mpact of mass media on the culture of UAE, with a homogeneous assumption that the government is cooperating with the mass media communication in order to assess the impact of television on the development of Emirati Culture. The Theoretical Framework Understanding and Assessing Mass Communication Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.30) stated that some traditional, formal, and systematic social scientific theories have used to maintain the relationship between media and the citizens, which are known as theories of mass communication; in addition, these theories are imperative in order to discuss human behaviour and other related issues. At the same time, Baran and Davis (2010, p.31) argued that these theories are developing over time constructing even more practical and influential hypothetical perspectives by including diverse and occasionally contradictory thoughts related with history, philosophy, humanities, social sciences, psychology and so on. However, Baran and Davis (2010, p.31 ) and Bryant and Miron (2004) stated that there are appropriate theoretical framework has been developed yet to materialize the issues; therefore, many scholars analyzed the factors such as aggregate media systems with their function in society considering unscientific methods. At the same time, the researchers have concentrated on the subjective viewpoints to analyze the theories of mass communication in context of UAE television that exemplify enduring or inventive conceptualizations; in addition, they further stated that these theories will give the opportunity to predict what will happen. Baran and Davis (2010, p.35) argued that four contemporary theories, such as, post positivist theory, hermeneutic theory, critical theory and normative theory are playing vital role to shape the society and change human behaviour’ however, Obe, Ayedun and Ofulue (2008, p.54) pointed out other theories including mass society theories, social scientific approach, media violence, common sen se theories, and so on. Post-Positivist Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) stated that this theory based on physical sciences and empirical observation considering the fact that positivist only believe on the scientific method; on the other hand, the researchers are also dedicated to focus on such observational system under this theory. However, key features of this theory are No Characteristics Post-positivist Theory 1 Objectives The main objective of this theory are justification, prediction, and control (to link between social science and the physical sciences), for instance, from operation of political advertising, the researchers predict commercial factors and control the voting behaviour of the UAE television viewers 2 Ontology Human behaviour is satisfactorily predictable to be studied scientifically though social world may have more variation 3 Epistemology of this theory Knowledge can enhance by systematic, and logical method 4 Post positivism’s axiology the implementation of the scientific technique remains theorists’ values out of the search for understanding Table 1: Characteristics of Post-positivist Theory Source: Self generated from Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) Hermeneutic Theory According to the Baran and Davis (2010, p.39), this theory is based on the study of understanding particularly from side to side methodical interpretation of actions along with manuscript; in addition, the objective of this theory is to provide the answers to the questions like how and why that behaviour occurs in the society. At the same time, Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) stated that this theory has developed from the era when people started to interpret Bible and analyze how it reshapes early Christian culture; however, different forms of hermeneutic theory exists to understand interpret social situation to create value for the people. On the other hand, Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) argued that the name of hermeneutic theory can replace a s interpretive theory because it interprets any product of social interaction while people react in accordance with their own preferences and prejudices. Moreover, Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) and Obe et al. (2008, p.37) stated that theory’s epistemology based on the subjective communication between the observers and their communities; in addition, the axiology of this theory encompasses personal and professional values of UAE television viewers. Critical Theory Meyrowitz (2008, p. 641) and Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) stated that this theory is completely different from former theories because it based only on the political phenomenon because politics could change social and human behaviour. On the other hand, Baran and Davis (2010, p.38) further addressed that this theory challenges existing behaviour of organizing the social world because they can provide priority to the most significant individual values; thus, this theory based on inequality and oppression. However, key features of this theory are No Characteristics Critical Theory 1 Objectives Inherently political 2 Ontology It is a bit more complex 3 Epistemology of this theory Knowledge is sophisticated merely when it serves to free individuals and communities from the control of those more influential than themselves 4 Axiology Due to openly political system, its axiology is aggressively value-laden 5 Role of media Media is a crucial tool employed by corporate elites in order to restrain how individuals view their communal world and to border their organization in it 6 Strengths Used to plan change in the real world 7 Weaknesses It is too political and based on subjective observation, which also uses controversial research methods Table 2: Characteristics of critical theory Source: Self generated from Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) Normative Theories of Mass Communication Baran and Davis (2010, p.100), Ostini and Fung (2002), and Obe et al. (2008, p.55) stated that normative theories included many theories such as authoritarian media theory, libertarian media theory, soviet-communist media theory; however, these theories does not provide any scientific explanations, but describe some ideal values, which assist to explicate the ways in which mass media should be rebuilt. Authoritarian Media Theory Obe et al. (2008, p.54) stated that it is on one the oldest of the press theories that positioned all kinds of communication under the power of a governing elites where institutions rationalised their control as a means to defend and guard a divinely preordained social order; furthermore, it began in 16th century and derived from State’s philosophy of absolutism. Baran and Davis (2010, p.40) and Obe et al, (2008, p.54) stated that it supports the total domination of media to sever the purpose of the administrations instead of criticising the governments; at the same time, the media were not allowed to print and broadcast anything which might undermine th e credibility of the administrations; otherwise, they were subjected to punishment. However, Baran and Davis (2010, p.102) and Obe et al. (2008, p.54) stated that the basic supposition of this theory is that the administration is reliable for which media professionals were inadmissible to enjoy any independence; in addition, foreign medias had also controlled by the government; unfortunately, this theory is still practiced by the government of some countries. On the other hand, Obe et al. (2008, p.55) and Baran and Davis (2010, p.102) argued that under the practice of this theory, the administration also imposed high taxes, passed oppressive laws, suppressed the media professionals and controlled over content of the news. However, McQuail (1994) stated that media professionals have punished for violating royal charters; however, immunity is possible in some extent for the case of publicize minority perspective and culture, which not create any hindrance to control society as their w ish; therefore, this theory does not emphasis on the development of a homogeneous national culture among the UAE television viewers. Libertarian Media Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.103) stated that this hypothesis can be traced back to 16th century, which developed in opposition to authoritarian theory; at the same time, Obe et al. (2008, p.55) argued that some social movements such as Protestant Reformation enhanced the concept of freedom of express and thoughts, which would allow them to hold and express opinions independently. At the same time, Baran and Davis (2010, p.103), Ostini and Fung (2002), Obe et al. (2008, p.55) stated that libertarian theory is considered the perfect model while the main goal of it is to advance the interests of the people; therefore, it gives the opportunity to the people to publish whatever they like in some extent. Baran and Davis (2010, p.104) stated that this theory has removed the arbitrary and erratic practice of the authoritarian model and Ob e et al. (2008, p.55) further expressed that this model had not supported complete independence to express themselves regarding rule of law, but it has full protection to media professionals to draw a broader line between good and bad. On the other hand, Ostini and Fung (2002) and McQuail (1994) addressed that most of the developed countries have followed this theory in order to shape the society more dramatic ways; in contrast, Baran and Davis (2010) stated that journalists and media professionals are not getting such immunities and facilities where the control rested in the hands of a king. Figure 1: Strengths and weaknesses of Libertarian Media Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.120) Soviet-Communist Media Theory Obe et al. (2008) stated that this theory has introduced during the time of Russian Revolution in 1997 when Marx and Engels had struggled to serve the interests of the working class; however, it supported complete domination of media to promote the socialist system ; the prime factors of this theory are No Characteristics Soviet-communist Theory 1 Objectives The main objective of this theory was to maintain the sovereignty of the proletariat 2 Ontology Used the media to carry on progress and transform towards the accomplishment of the communist period 3 Good intention The media was subject to direct state control to help communist party; here, it is important to mention that the Soviet press had removed the profit motive under this model 4 Social Responsibility Used media as an arm of government to protect political conflicts strictly Table 3: Characteristics of Soviet-communist Theory Source: Self generated Obe et al. (2008) Social Responsibility Media Theory Baran and Davis (2010, p.121) stated that this model used to serve the political system as well as protect the rights of the individuals, serve financial interest of the community and preserve financial independence; however, the following figure shows the strengths and we aknesses of this theory – Figure 2: Strengths and weaknesses of Social Responsibility Media Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.120) Some Other Theories Table 4: Characteristics of the theories Source: Self generated Obe et al. (2008) The Focus on Media Effects Baran and Davis (2010, p.121) argued that the researcher have concentrated on the effects of media on the society and culture from the 1950s to the 1990s; they also focused on how media like television influence the buyer to purchase their products; however, the next figure demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of Attitude-Change theory – Figure 3: Strengths and weaknesses of Attitude-Change Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.156) Figure 4: Strengths and weaknesses of Entertainment Theory Source: Baran and Davis (2010, p.270) Conceptual Framework on the Effect of Television Baran and Davis (2010) noted that several academicians have engaged cultivation-analysis to scrutinize the influence of TV related concerns away from sadism and offence; this could examine of public awareness of wealth, separation, employed female, approval of gender typecasts, avarice, principles, psychological well-being, and political involvement among the UAE television viewers. The scale of persuasion that is left in each of the sectors is debatable; however, there are certain other segments included in this concern, which, for example include belief of estrangement, ecological unease, employment, insights of wellbeing, and nuptial viewpoints; nevertheless, suppositions of cultivation are encouraged throughout, while the potency of results and the feature of the study diverge significantly. Baran and Davis (2010) has clearly pointed out a number of factors, which could be regarded as the effects that television has on societies; these factors include the idea that TV smudges conventional features of public outlook of their planet, it merges their authenticity to TV’s cultural-mainstream, and curves that mainstream to the organizational interests of telly or its promoters. The appraisal of the approach in which telly controls the societal world is evocative of the opinion regarding accepted cultures; in addition, what has been an opulently varied handcrafted procedure has become a composite industrialized and mass allotment endeavour; however, this has eliminated much of the provincialism and parochialism, over and above some of the exclusiveness of the pre-television epoch. It is important to note that Obe et al. (2008) pointed out that this factor has enhanced close-minded cultural perspectives; on the other hand; this also gave more and more substantial industrialized corporations and the spot to bring to mind a large amount of what people feel on the subject of being familiar with terms and execution in general. According to Bryant and Miron (2004), certain authors do not think this as a predominantly reasonable trade-off, and so, they placed cultivation-analysis in the territory of critical presumption; but others regarded cultivation as every now and then taken as a return of a strapping upshot outlook of mass media, though, interestingly, such outlook is not from top to bottom incorrect, Nevertheless, it fails to notice the line of reasoning that such theory was in the beginning envisaged as a critical theory that, in fact, concentrated over mass-media concerns in particular merely as the mass-media (principally TV) give out the narrative convenience; moreover, TVs are leading means for dealing out communication from ethnic, communal, or financially viable influential classes, On the other hand, Baran and Davis (2010) also noted that the foremost contentious fundamentals regarding this presumption is the centre of attention on serious viewers of TV, who do not have regard to any precise shows on telly; moreover, Obe et al. (2008) noted that cultivation is more than merely an investigation of effects from an explicit medium. According to t he authors, cultivation is rather an examination of the foundation of TV along with the societal role it plays; however, cultivation, reviewers asserted, has mistreated the requirement to recognize grave customers of precise kinds of programs; on the other hand, Obe et al. (2008) has stated that cultivation’s theoretical portion of disclosure to TV is excessively comprehensive. Television Media of UAE Television media of the country is a highly prospective sector in terms of profitability and sustainable growth; according to Media Abu Dhabi, local TV-Network has proclaimed an extraordinary increase of 122 percent in subscription sales in 2010 to 2011 period; moreover, it is notable that in 2012, hundreds of thousands families across the area enjoyed Abu Dhabi-Sport’s wide coverage. Media as Culture Industries: The Commodification of Culture The commodification of culture is an inspection of what happens when culture is mass-produced and distributed in direct competitio n with locally-based cultures; it suggests that media are industries focusing in the manufacture and allocation of cultural commodities; these grew at the cost of small-local-producers and the price of this was the continuous disruption of public lives (Baran and Davis 2010). The condition of a highly conservative, Muslim, and radical society of the United Arab Emirates is no different from this as a result, Emirati viewer behaviours after exposure to television programs can be explained by continuous disruption of public lives and distraction of conservative cultures of UAE. Previous Studies There are very few studies with the contribution of mass media United Arab Emirates where most of that researches are centered to scrutinize the theories of media, overriding effects of media along with the significant cultural theories those are applied to observe the influential factors of media and society linking with the concurrent socioeconomic and cultural scenario of UAE. Al-Jenaibi (2 011, p.1) mentioned that the mass media along with the surrounding Arab societies and the exploring news media studies indicated the character of mass media within the Arab society integrating with the modern technologies that have been shifting dynamics of the Arab public domain aimed to improving freedom of press, freedom of speech aimed to encourage a democratic society apart from the prevailed culture of Arab monarchy. For the last few decades, large numbers of mass communication theories have been put into practice in the social perspectives of UAE, but there is no effectual studies in the UAE regarding effectiveness and power of mass media to restructuring the society and public domain, the previous studies have engaged to demonstrate effectiveness of mass media on few social factors. However, before the Arab Spring, there were no brave research that could predict the power and influence of mass media and dare to demonstrate the impact of mass media to promoting democracy, hum an rights and to develop democratic culture for social institutions. Reference List Al-Jenaibi, B. (2011). News Media in Arab Societies. Retrieved from https://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v22/v22-11.pdf Baran, S. J. Davis, D. (2010). Mass Communication Theory: Foundation, Ferment and Future. Retrieved from http://teddykw2.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/mass-communication-theory.pdf Bard, M. G. (2005). Myths Facts Online: Human Rights in Arab Countries. Retrieved from jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf16.html Bryant, J. Miron, D. (2004). Theory and Research in Mass Communication. Journal of Communication, 54(4). Retrieved from http://newmedia.cityu.edu.hk/enjhzhu/ruc/readings/Bryant_2004_MassCommTheory.pdf ECC. (2012). Policy in Action: Dubai Trade- Building Competitive Advantage Through Collaboration. Retrieved from ecc.ae/en/getfile.aspx%3Fftype%3Ddwn%26file%3D22032012010719.pdf El-Baltaji, D. (2009). Emirates Press Law. Retrieved from arabmediasociety.com/?article=727 Geor ge, S. (2012). United Arab Emirates Gets First TV Ratings System. Retrieved from hollywoodreporter.com/news/united-arab-emirates-gets-first-378713 Human Rights Watch. (2012). UAE: Report Highlights Need for Worker Protections. Retrieved from hrw.org/news/2012/09/27/uae-report-highlights-need-worker-protections McQuail, D. (1994). Mass communication theory: An introduction. London: Sage. Obe, J. Ayedun, V. Ofulue, C. L. (2008) Introduction to Mass Communication. Retrieved from nou.edu.ng/noun/NOUN_OCL/pdf/pdf2/MAC%20111.pdf Ostini, J. Fung, A. H. (2002). Beyond the Four Theories of the Press: A New Model of National Media Systems. Mass Communication Society, 5(1), 41–56. Sabban, R. (2005). Migrant Women In The United Arab Emirates: The case of female domestic workers. Retrieved from biblioteca.cij.gob.mx/Archivos/Materiales_de_consulta/Migracion/Articulos/ingles7.pdf Stork, J. (2012). UAE No Model of Progress. Retrieved from hrw.org/news/2012/11/28/uae-no-model-progress

Recommend a Good Book to Me - Interview Question Tips

Recommend a Good Book to Me - Interview Question Tips The question can come in many different forms: Whats the last book you read?; Tell me about a good book youve read recently; Whats your favorite book? Why?; What types of books do you like to read?; Tell me about a good book you read for pleasure. Its one of the most common interview questions. The Purpose of the Question Whatever the form of the question, the interviewer is trying to learn a few things by asking about your reading habits and book preferences: Do you read for pleasure?  Active readers are people who are intellectually curious. They are also people who are likely to have better reading comprehension and writing skills than non-readers. Students who read a lot in high school are more likely to succeed in college than students who dont.Do you know how to talk about books?  A lot of your college course work will involve discussing and writing about what you have read. This interview question helps figure out if you are up for the challenge.Your interests. You are likely to get asked about your interests and passions in another interview question, but books are one more way to approach the topic. If you have a love of novels about Cold War espionage, that information helps the interviewer get to know you better.A book recommendation. An interview is a two-way conversation, and your interviewer may actually want to learn about some good books he or she isnt familiar with. The Best Books to Discuss Dont try to second guess this question too much by recommending a book simply because it has historical or cultural significance. Youll sound insincere if you state that Bunyans Pilgrims Progress is your favorite book when in truth your much prefer Stephen King novels. Nearly any work of fiction or nonfiction can work for this question as long as you have things to say about it and it is at an appropriate reading-level for a college-bound student. There are, however, a few types of works that might be weaker choices than others. In general, avoid works such as these: Works that were obviously assigned in class. Part of this question is to see what you read outside of class. If you name To Kill a Mockingbird or Hamlet, youll sound as if youve never read anything but assigned books.Juvenile fiction. You dont need to hide your love of Diary of a Wimpy Kid or Redwall books, but these works are also loved by kids much younger than you. Youd do better to recommend a book that is more in line with a college-level reader.Works chosen simply to impress. James Joyces Finnegans Wake isnt anyones favorite book, and youll sound insincere if you recommend a challenging book in an effort to make yourself look smart. The issue gets a little more fuzzy with works like Harry Potter and Twilight. Certainly plenty of adults (including many college admissions folks) devoured all of the Harry Potter books, and youll even find college courses on Harry Potter (check out these top colleges for Harry Potter fans). You certainly dont need to hide the fact that you were addicted to popular series such as these. That said, so many people love these books (including much younger readers) that they make for a rather predictable and uninteresting answer to the interviewers question. So what is the ideal book? Try to come up with something that fits these general guidelines: Pick a book that you sincerely love and that you are comfortable talking about.Pick a book with enough substance to it so that you can explain why you like the book.Pick a book that is at an appropriate reading level; something that is a huge hit among fourth-graders is probably not your best choice.Pick a book that gives the interviewer a window into your interests and passions. This last point is important -   the interviewer wants to get to know you better. The fact that the college has interviews means that they have holistic admissions  - they are evaluating you as a person, not as a collection of grades and test scores.  This interview question isnt so much about the book you choose as it is about you. Make sure you are able to articulate why you are recommending the book. Why did the book speak to you more than other books? What about the book did you find so compelling? How did the book engage issues that you are passionate about? How did the book open your mind or create new understanding? Some Final Interview Advice As you prepare for your interview, be sure to master each of these 12 common interview questions. Also be sure to avoid these 10 interview mistakes. The interview is typically a friendly exchange of information, so try not to get to stressed about it. If youve focused on a book that you truly enjoyed reading and youve thought about why you enjoy it, you should have little difficulty with this interview question.

Is Intraprenuership Necessary in Asia and How Does It Contribute To Research Proposal

Is Intraprenuership Necessary in Asia and How Does It Contribute To Organizations - Research Proposal Example The study employed a sample representation of industries as well as companies through which the generalization of the findings was to be made. High innovation among the trading firms was notable within this era of globalization. Through an empirical study mode, the research found out four basic determinants of the capacity for companies to engage in intrapreneural activities: Technically skilled employees, the organization’s layout, secrecy availability as well as the market knowledge by the organization (Balasundaram and Uddin, 2009, p.35). Another research study was carried out through the evaluation and analyses of the available literature on the concepts as well as the principles that are prevalent within organizations and which in one way or the other influence the spirit of entrepreneurship. Work place values, employee personal character as well as social cultural factors are key in determining the direction taken as regards the intrapreneurialship of an organization. Am ong other findings of the study was that intrapreneurial spirit and success depends in much more than just mere creativity of an employee. One needs to be ready to take risk and be tolerant even as one awaits the senior management’s decision concerning an innovation. Moreover, it was the finding of this study that firms that nurture and uphold the spirit of intrapreneurship have better performance compared to their counterparts. The study recommended all firms to uphold the spirit of intrapreneurship in order to have a competing edge within the business field (AZAMI, 2013, p. 198). The findings ascertained the recommendations by another report that indeed, intrapreneurs are agents of change within organizations; managing as well as motivating them is thus critical to every organization (Wong, 2008, p.1). Maier and Zenovia undertook a study through the literature to compare and contrast entrepreneurship versus intrapreneurship within the current world. Among the different find ings that sought, the two comprises vast similarities as well as differences. Their study revealed that the two are major basic tools that companies and other firms can exploit for use within the economic dynamics that we are facing today and through which, solutions to trade problems can be found. Min particular, this study found out that every company should uphold the spirit of innovation as it is only through this that future success of them are laid. They reasoned that yesterday’s innovation can never guarantee tomorrows competence hence the need to encourage the intrapreneural spirit (2011,p. 975). Through an exploratory investigation, Bosma and friends sought to analyze the global perspective of intrapreneurship. Moreover, the study sought to understand the distribution of intrapreneurs within the frame work of age and found that more innovation rests with the younger employees as compared to the elderly employees. Furthermore, the likely hood of employees to engage in intrapreneural innovations is double within the high income countries as compared to the low income countries (Bosma, Stam and Wennekers, 2010, p. 3). Globalization is seen to be a threat to some extent as innovations are simply taking over the older ones thus necessitating

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Let us get into all the details about them. Ramakrishna Mission is one of the biggest social institutions in the whole world. Headquarter of this institution is at Belur near Kolkata. As a believer in social works, I chanced to know some of the monks who work in this organization. I traveled to Belur in order to observe how the social institution works throughout the world. The most interesting thing which I found in Ramakrishna Mission is the fact that this organization does not only rely on the idealism and leadership, they believe in hard working and this is the main force acting behind their unparalleled success. Sharing my experiences with the monks working here was something told me their secret. Microsociology that exists among all the workers associated with Ramakrishna Mission is the main thing which has made the organization able to reach out for the macrocosmic society in the outside world. The monks have perfect rankings distributed among them. This ranking is never done following any kind of social status as all of them have left family life long ago. These ranks are offered to them for the sake of division of labor. They share all the works of the institution. Apart from this, they are also able to continue with their studies. Some of the monks are highly educated and they frequently travel to Western countries to deliver lectures on their philosophy or any other subjects as well. The organization has successfully adopted the outside world laws or the macrocosmic policies inside the institution and they have carefully left the bad elements of the society. Equality is the main theme which is well practiced in Ramakrishna Mission. Swami Vivekananda the founder of the organization is considered as the leader and his philosophy is followed by the monks. Ramakrishna Mission has a well organized management system. The manager, who is also a monk, is equal to the subordinates but is very sincere in strictly

Finance And Families Essay Example for Free

Finance And Families Essay The population heterogeneity theory forecasts that, stress resistance is closely attached to mortality. Accordingly, persons in a population who pass away prematurely in life will likely be individuals who are less resistant to environmental stresses. Those persons with a high longetivity are those individuals who are very resistant, and these persons as a grouping might have an extremely gradually increasing rate of mortality, yielding an estimated mortality level while the less- resistant clusters pass away. (Viano, E, 1992) Two different perspectives on the causes of marital violence: (Viano, E, 1992, p. 158) i.Feminist perspective: This perspective argues that, violence in the family is created by a patriarchal society in which the power of the male dominates. Historically, marital violence is viewed as been condoned by values as well as norms in the society. Consequently, one of the concrete subjects that the battered woman’s faction is confronted with is defying the tendency of the psychological health profession to renounce a feminist analysis.   ii.Sociological perspective: This perspective argues that, physical violence is not a manifestation of individual pathology. However; it is an essential feature of human association. Physical violence is viewed as almost normal and widespread, in other words, statistically common and ethnically accepted, feature of family life. Therefore, environmental interferences and social system are thought suitable. What is â€Å"double jeopardy† risk regarding women being victims of marital violence? â€Å"Double jeopardy† refers to individuals who are more at danger than the general populace since they are fatalities of other types of oppression: The following groups of females are at risk: (Viano, E, 1992) Ø   Disabled women and girls:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disabled girls are four times more probable (than the nationwide standard) to be sexually maltreated.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approximately 53% of women who have been disabled since birth have been maltreated, raped or physically attacked.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approximately 83% of disabled women will be sexually or physically attacked. Ø   Aboriginals /First states:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An approximated 57% of indigenous females have been sexually maltreated.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The rate of sexual abuse in children in a number of aboriginal societies is as elevated as 75 to 80 % for young women below the age of 8 years. Ø   Fresh Canadians:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dread of the police as well as fear of being exiled frequently keep expatriates and migrant females from reporting family mistreatment. (a)What is child abuse? Child abuse is the emotional/mental or physical ill-treatment of children. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes child mistreatment as every act or sequence of taking action or omission or commission by a care giver, parent or other close relative that results in injury, potential injury, or treat of injury to a child. The majority of child abuse takes place in a child’s residence, with a lesser amount taking place in the schools, associations or groups of people the child intermingles with. There are four main types of child abuse: sexual abuse, emotional/mental abuse as well as physical abuse. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1) (b)The prevalence of child abuse in the United States: According to the 1997 American National Committee to prevent child abuse, neglect represented approximately 54% of established incidences of child abuse, corporal abuse 22%, sexual exploitation 8%, and additional forms of mistreatment 12%. A report on the well-being of the child by UNICEF affirmed that, the United States ranked lowest amongst developed countries with reverence to the welfare of children. This investigation also established that child abuse and child neglect are far more widespread in families with a single parent than in family units with both parents. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1) A study recently carried out by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention established that, approximately 1 in 50 babies in the United States are fatalities of nonfatal maltreatment or neglect. In the U.S, neglect is described as the failure to meet up the fundamental wants of the children comprising food, clothes, shelter as well as access to health care. Researchers established more than 91 000 incidences of neglect within a span of one year (beginning October 2005-September, 2006) with their information emanating from a list of cases authenticated by protective services organizations. (Franchi, C, 1987, p. 1) 5. The concepts and principles f Social Learning Theory:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The social learning theory is the theory that people are taught novel behavior through punishment or explicit reinforcement, or through observational studying of their environment’s social actors. If individuals observe optimistic, desired results in the observed conduct, they are more probable to emulate, adopt or model the conduct themselves. (Akers, R, 2009) Social learning theory is obtained from Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904)’s work which suggested that social learning takes place through four major stages of limitation: (Akers, R, 2009) à ¼Ã‚   Comprehending of concepts à ¼Ã‚   Imitation of seniors. à ¼Ã‚   Close contact. à ¼Ã‚   Role model conduct. REFERENCE LIST Akers, R. (2009) Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Transaction Publishers.ISBN:1412809991, 9781412809993. Franchi, C. (1987) Child abuse and its consequences: observational approaches. CUP Archive. ISBN: 0521316146, 9780521316149. Viano, E. (1992) Intimate violence: interdisciplinary perspectives. Taylor Francis. ISBN: 560322446, 9781560322443.

Literature During the Naturalistic Period :: Literature Essays Litarary Analysis

Literature During the Naturalistic Period What is the one struggle that all human beings have in common? It is life itself. As important as humans think they are, in the scheme of reality, the human race is not that significant. During the late eighteenth century and the earlier nineteenth century, authors such as Émile Zola, Jack London, and Stephen Crane and poets such as Robert Frost and Wallace Stevens were struggling with leaving behind traditional attitudes and finding a new philosophy of life. These writers, along with many others, are known for writing during the Naturalistic time period. Literature of Naturalism, just as all literature does, reflects the attitudes and events happening during this time. The world was changing in many more ways than ever before. Traditional unquestioned beliefs had fallen by the wayside because of many factors but especially with the introduction of Darwin's book, On the Origin of Species. Darwin's view that humans evolved and were not created by some Supreme Being startled societ y, especially the religious community. For the first time, society began to question the mainstay of their religious beliefs. In the economic realm, Karl Marx was expounding his view of socialism. Economic factors had a profound effect on the people of this time as well. The industrialization and the urbanization that were occurring were forcing changes on every front of life. Along with the scientific and social advancements of the world at this time, psychology was breaking ground to become an important science of its own. Freud with his view of why people act the way they do and Jung with his thoughts on the collective unconscious were offering new thought and insight about human behavior. However, with the removing of the old beliefs that gave humans a sense of direction and order in their lives, the search, which often included the loss of oneself, needed to be embarked upon so that people of this era could find some sort of direction in the new world of knowledge and confusion. Never before or since this time has there been such a wandering in the desert of uncertainty. Therefore, it is quite natural that the authors of this period reflect all of the turmoil created by the amount of knowledge that was being shared and that was trying to be comprehended. Authors of this time were at the forefront of this investigation. Naturalistic writers tend to write in a somewhat scientific method because their characters are placed in a situation where the forces of nature or the environment are imposed upon them.

Nature’s power Essay

There is one common theme between the short story â€Å"How the World Was Made† and the poems â€Å"This Newly Created World,† â€Å"Dream Song,† â€Å"I Have Killed the Deer,† and â€Å"I Am Your Mother.† They all share the theme that nature explains why many things are. In the short story â€Å"How the World Was Made,† the story of creationalism is focused upon nature as the cause. Every one of Earth’s mysteries is explained by nature. For example, the explanation of cold and hot springs from the mountains reads as follows. The streams that come down from the mountains are the trails by which we reach this underworld, and the springs at their heads are the doorways by which we enter it†¦We know that the seasons in the underworld are different from ours, because the water in the springs is always warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer than the outer air. â€Å"This Newly Created World† gives explanation to the beauty and color of the earth. â€Å"†¦the earth, our grandmother, extended the green reflection of her covering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The poem describes the earth itself as our own grandmother. Although quite short, â€Å"Dream Song† talks about nature’s power to gradually rotate seasons year after year. â€Å"†¦I feel the summer in the spring.† This quote expresses how one might be able to feel it in the air and how one season will begin to blend into the next one. â€Å"I Have Killed the Deer† explains natures own cleaver idea; the circle of life. It states that each and every one of nature’s creations must take away from nature, but will eventually give enough back again when they die. â€Å"†¦When I die, I must give life to what has nourished me†¦so that The circle of life is never broken.† The poem â€Å"I Am Your Mother† explains all the things that should be loved in nature as a mother-like figure. This poem painfully states the abuse â€Å"mother† has taken and that it should be respected. â€Å"All this beauty was your to behold, Your duty was to love, cherish and protect; Feel my anguish,  the pain in my soul, All I asked was your respect.† All of the poems and the short story can clearly explain many mysteries, wonders, and beauties nature is trying to give to us.

Black Asthetics and Toni Morrison

The black arts, or the black aesthetic, movement was born among the black artist as a response to the ideologies of the black power in the 1960’s. The movement was a continuation of the 1920’s and 1930’s Harlem Renaissance that had begun the tradititon of rediscovering the roots os black culture and heritage,dating back to slavery. Some of the major literary figures of the Harlem era included authors James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes and Nella Larsen. The Black arts emerged to promote art that illustrated African-American music, languages, heritage, and beauty. In order to be substantial, art had to have a proudly black subject matter and style; be it sculpture, a piece of music, a novel or a poem. Empowered by the concepts of the black power, the movement inspired the emergence of the black theatre groups, magazines, and printing presses. Literature influenced by the black arts concepts struggled to abandon W. E. B. Du Bois’ idea of double consciousness, which meant blacks were constantly struggling towards the white culture’s ideals, even though the dominant society disabled them for reaching the Eurocentric goals. Mirroring themselves against the value structure of the oppressive white society was depriving the blacks of their empowerment. Black writers wanted to concentrate on solving the problems of the African-American community from the inside, developing awareness of the rich black heritage and gearing the co mmunity to realize it worth. The Black Arts movement brought the time for blacks to stop internalizing the image of being the inferior in the society as a whole. The black population had to find strength, beauty and self esteem within the black community. The black arts, characterized by acute awareness, produced writers like Toni Morrison, Ishmael Reed, and Alice Walker. Toni Morrison undeniably is an author who internalizes the main concerns of the black aesthetic. She writes about black oppression, consciousness and tradition. Her major characters’ are black and they are in constant search for their ethnic identity. The first African American writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature in 1993, Toni Morrison is a leading voice in current debates about the construction of race and black marginality in literature and culture. As a prominent writer of the age she refuses to allow race to be marginalized in literary discourse. Throughout her writing Morrison uses narrative forms to express African Americans' dislocated, oral tradition, and culture, and reclaim African American's historical experiences. She profoundly uses the fictive narratives to transfigure the old south; the bedrock of black dehumanization, degradation and sorrow into an archetypal black homeland, a cultural womb that lays claim to history's orphaned, defamed and disclaimed African children. In her novels Morrison humanizes black characters in fictions that strive to overcome and excavate enforced invisibility of African Americans' social reality. Morrison critiques the mainstream thinking and acclaims that black writers and black characters are the relative means by which text demonstrates to be human and superior. Imagination is possible in the presence of black characters and black contents. At the same time talking African discourse is inferior and submissive tends to impoverish cultural interpretation of reality. Morrison questions the validity and vulnerability of a set of assumptions conventionally accepted and taken for granted among literary historians and critics. Africanist presence, in a constitutive part in the entire history has been rejected. Morrison in Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and Literary Imagination proposes, â€Å"[t] he contemplating of this black presence in central to any understanding of our national literature and should not be permitted to hover at the margins of the literary imagination† (5). Morrison argues that American culture is built on, and is premised by, and always includes, the presence if blacks', as slaves, as outsiders. She likens the unwillingness of academics in a racist society to see the place of Africanism in literature and to the centuries of unwillingness to see a favorite discourse, concerns and identity. She posits whiteness as the ‘Other' of blackness, a dialectical pair, each term both creates and excludes the other: no freedom without slavery, no white without black. The major themes of Toni Morrison's writing is to redefine the notion of white American canonical texts and their idea of African American writing as being non-canonical or inferior. She demonstrates the idea of racial superiority and hegemonic culture in her writings. Morrison, in the preface of her critical work Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and Literary Imagination says she is â€Å"struggling with and through a language that can powerfully evoke and enforce hidden signs of racial superiority, cultural hegemony and dismissive ‘Othering' of people and language which by no means marginal or already and completely known and knowable in my work† (XI). It is clear that Morrison's writing is different from that of mainstream white discourse, which always bserves that African American literature is subsidiary product. Her intention, thorough her writing , is to reinterpret and redefine the hidden, dislocated and alienated Afro-American presence in American mainstream discourse and claim that Afro-Americans are no more inferior human beings. Toni Morrison's fiction demonstrates a central interest in the issues of boundary, attachment, and separation. Her characters experience themselves as wounded, or imprisoned by racial and economic divisions within American culture. The boundaries that circumscribe black people are not only the prejudices and restrictions that bar their entry into the mainstream but the psychological ones they internalize as they develop in a social structure that historically has excluded them. Toni Morrison draws from a rich store of black oral tradition as well as from her own imaginative angle of vision to illuminate the potentialities for both annihilation and transcendence within black experience. Black lore, black music, black language and all the myths and rituals of black culture are the most prominent elements in Toni Morrison's writing. She feels a strong connection to ancestors because they were the culture bearers. She thinks that it is the responsibility of African American writers to dig out that annihilated history and secure the importance of it in the making of American civilization. Toni Morrison ranks among the most highly regarded and widely read fiction writers and cultural critics in America. As a critic she refuses to allow race to be relegated to the margins of literary discourse. She focuses on the importance of African American's oral and musical culture and to reclaim black historical experiences. Morrison says that African American have rediscovered texts that have long been suppressed or ignored, have sought to make places for African American writing within the canon, and have developed ways of interpreting these works.Works CitedMorrison, Toni.  Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1992. Print â€Å"Toni Morrison.†Ã‚  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 21 May 2011. Web. 23 May 2011. .Welcome to Black Aesthetics Institute. Web. 23 May 2011. .

Art in our life essays

Art in our life essays There had been difficulties defining art, but as it was defined in general, it is the product of creative human activity in which materials are shaped or selected to convey an idea, emotion, or visually interesting form. Art cant easily be defined as simple as any ordinary object because it implies value..monetary, social and intellectual. And it is also ever-changing and growing making it harder and almost impossible to have a constant clear definition. As it was said, when people ask, What is art? or state that something is not art, they usually are not seeking a philosophical definition but are instead expressing an opinion that a painting is not realistic enough, that it is offensive, or that it does not use traditional materials. This also shows that people not only make art, but also choose which objects should be called art. Make judgments, but get specific..that is one of the rules of art. You cant say something isnt an art just because you want to say so; you have to give good reasons. Originality, individual expression, something to contemplate rather than use..these are some of the qualities that are commonly associated with art. But as we all know, most of the works of arts are famous and considered work of art today because of some powerful bodies just like the church and government who considered it such, instilling in every peoples mind that it is indeed a work of art without further questions. You got to see that art in all its forms could display power. Aside from power, art displays wealth and prestige in a sense that a work of art is almost priceless. Priceless that it could give extreme emotion to the one who owns it or the one who get to see or hear it. Life is so boring without art, thats how priceless art is. There is art in our everyday life. Music is played in almost everywhere. We can hear music in almost everywhere we go. The kind of music that we wanted to...

Negative Effects of Collusion in Business and Politics

Negative Effects of Collusion in Business and Politics Collusion is an agreement between two or more entities to limit open competition or gain an unfair advantage in the market by means of deceiving, misleading, or defrauding. These types of agreements are - not surprisingly - illegal and therefore are also typically very secretive and exclusive. Such agreements can include anything from setting prices to limiting production or opportunities to kickbacks and misrepresentation of the party’s relationship to one another. Of course, when collusion is discovered, all acts affected by the collusive activities are considered void or having no legal effect, in the eyes of the law. In fact, the law ultimately treats any agreements, obligations, or transactions as though they had never existed. Collusion in the Study of Economics In the study of economics and market competition, collusion is defined as taking place when rival companies who otherwise would not work together agree to cooperate for their mutual benefit. For instance, the companies may agree to refrain from participating in an activity that they normally would in order to reduce competition and gain higher profits. Given the few powerful players within a market structure like an oligopoly (a market or industry that is dominated by a small number of sellers), collusive activities are often commonplace. The relationship between oligopolies and collusion can work in the other direction as well; forms of collusion can ultimately lead to the establishment of an oligopoly. Within this structure, collusive activities can make a significant impact on the market as a whole starting with the reduction of competition and then the likely possibility of higher prices to be paid by the consumer. In this context, acts of collusion resulting in price fixing, bid rigging, and market allocation could place businesses in jeopardy of being prosecuted for violations of the federal Clayton Antitrust Act. Enacted in 1914, the Clayton Antitrust Act is intended to prevent monopolies and protect consumers from unfair business practices. Collusion and Game Theory According to game theory, it is the independence of suppliers in competition with one another that keeps the price of goods to their minimum, which ultimately encourages overall efficiency of the industry leaders in order to remain competitive. When this system is in effect, no one supplier has the power to set the price. But when there are few suppliers and less competition, as in an oligopoly, each seller is likely to be acutely aware of the actions of the competition. This generally leads to a system in which decisions of one firm can greatly influence and be influenced by the actions of other industry players. When collusion is involved, these influences are typically in the form of clandestine agreements that cost the market the low prices and efficiency otherwise encouraged by competitive independence.​ Collusion and  Politics In the days following the tumultuous 2016 presidential election, allegations arose that representatives of the Donald Trump campaign committee had colluded with agents of the Russian government to influence the outcome of the election in favor of their candidate. An independent investigation conducted by former FBI Director Robert Mueller found evidence that President Trump’s National Security Adviser Michael Flynn may have met with the Russian ambassador to the U.S. to discuss the election. In his testimony to the FBI, however, Flynn denied having done so. On February 13, 2017, Flynn resigned as national security director after admitting he had misled Vice President Mike Pence and other top White House officials about his conversations with the Russian ambassador. On December 1, 2017, Flynn pleaded guilty to charges of lying to the FBI about his election-related communications with Russia. According to court documents released at the time, two unnamed officials of the Trump presidential transition team had urged Flynn to contact the Russians. It is expected that as part of his plea agreement, Flynn promised to reveal the identity of the White House officials involved to the FBI in return for a reduced sentence. Since the allegations surfaced, President Trump has denied having discussed the election with Russian agents or having directed anyone else to do so. While collusion itself is not a federal crime - except in the case of antitrust laws - the alleged â€Å"cooperation† between the Trump campaign and a foreign government may have violated other criminal prohibitions, which could be interpreted by Congress as impeachable â€Å"High Crimes and Misdemeanors.† Other Forms of Collusion While collusion is most often associated with secretive agreements behind closed doors, it can also occur in slightly different circumstances and situations. For instance, cartels are a unique case of explicit collusion. The explicit and formal nature of the organization is what differentiates it from the traditional sense of the term collusion. There is sometimes a distinction made between private and public cartels, the latter referring to a cartel in which a government is involved and whose sovereignty likely shields it from legal action. The former, however, are subject to such legal liability under the antitrust laws that have become commonplace around the world. Another form of collusion, known as tacit collusion, actually refers to collusive activities that are not overt.  Tacit collusion requires two firms to agree to play by a certain (and often illegal) strategy without explicitly saying so. Historical Example of Collusion One particularly memorable example of collusion occurred in the late 1980s when Major League Baseball teams were found to be in a collusive agreement to not sign free agents from other teams. It was during this period of time when star players like Kirk Gibson,  Phil Niekro, and Tommy John – all free agents that season – did not receive competitive offers from other teams. The collusive agreements made between team owners effectively erased competition for players which ultimately severely limited the player’s bargaining power and choice.

Movement of goods and services across borders, trade blocks (within Essay

Movement of goods and services across borders, trade blocks (within Europe) - Essay Example The aim of the European Union was to develop a single market in Europe and enhance a free movement of goods and services from one country to another within the Union. The European Union also plays a significant role in enacting laws regarding home affairs and justice, maintaining common trade policies, and allowing free movement of people and capital. The internal goods and services market in Europe has become an essential part of EU’s success, and it is the main catalyst for economic growth in the region. Through the European Union, most of the barriers to free movement of goods and services have been eliminated. According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), goods and services are defined as anything that is capable of forming the subject of commercial transaction. They include anything that has economic value and can be valued in terms of money. Things such as artworks, coins no longer in circulation, electricity, natural gas, bank notes and bearer notes have economic value that can be measured in monetary terms. Therefore, they can all be classified as goods. However, donation in kind and television signals is not considered as goods. In terms of distinction between goods and services, goods are tangible while services are intangible. For example, fishes are goods while fishing rights are serv ices. The free movement of goods and services is usually affected by barriers to trade. Article 34 of the Treaty on the Functioning of European Union (TFEU) provides guidelines on the obstacles to trade between member states. The article is used as a right of defense against measures developed on the national level to create unjustified barriers to entry or exit of goods and services to and out of member states (Woods, 2004). Activity of the state that may infringe section 34 of TFEU leads to prohibited obstacle to the free movement of goods and services. An administrative practice on the part of member

Open a new restaurants that serves the best and health foods based on Term Paper

Open a new restaurants that serves the best and health foods based on body metrics - Term Paper Example describe the challenges and risks when it comes to the opening of the restaurant and a recommendation of how the challenges and risks can be properly mitigated. The first challenge is privacy concerns in regards to the information given on the health status of a person, the age as well as the weight of a person. These are often personal matters that many people want to remain private (Reuvid, 2013). It is imperative to understand that there are a variety of reasons as to why people place high value when it comes to protecting their privacy, confidentiality as well as their security of health information. Many psychologists often depict privacy as a basic need which has a right intrinsic value. For this reason, they often see privacy being objectively valuable in itself and they believe that it is an essential component of any human being. Privacy of information ensures that several human fundamental values are observed. For example, personal autonomy which is the ability to make personal decisions is observed, secondly, privacy ensures individuality in that a person can be able to become oneself and do whatever one likes. Thirdly, a person often values his or her privacy in order to obtain respect from the society. Finally, privacy is often safeguarded by persons in order to ensure that they still remain with their dignity as well as worth as human beings. For this reason, it can be seen that most of the potential customers might be reluctant to give out information that they consider private. Further, they do believe that there is no law that exists that prevents the restaurant from revealing information about their weight, state of health and age to the public. For this reason, most people will be reluctant when it comes down to giving out the vital information needed to run the restaurant. Further, there may also be fears regarding the safety of the information with the employees. There are several employees that are malicious and might spread personal and

Comparative police systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparative police systems - Essay Example ther country and while arguing the extent to which they do so is beyond the scope of the present research, the research shall, nevertheless establish this to be the case with reference to surveillance. Through a comparative analysis of the post 9/11 right to surveillance granted to either of the two states, this paper shall demonstrate that even though the USA constitutes a more critical case than the UK, the right and expectation to privacy in both countries has been critically undermined. Laws governing privacy in the United Kingdom have traditionally, and customarily, restricted the right of the state to engage in the surveillance of citizens without establishing, and arguing, a cause to do so and obtaining the necessary warrants. The Interception of Communications Act (1985) effectively disallows law enforcement, or any representative of the state, from intercepting the telephone and electronic communication of citizens unless it is first established that doing so is integral, either to national security, or for the negation of the real and immediate threat which that person, or those whom he/she communicates with, pose towards society (Lloyd, 1986). Added to that, and as Carter (2001) explains, the European Convention on Human Rights, to which the United Kingdom is subject, holds that, other than when authorized by a court following the submission of evidence which clearly shows that surveillance is necessary for the prevention of a crime or the negation of an imm ediate threat, any form of state surveillance of private citizens, constitutes both a violation of their most basic civil and human rights. In other words, the pre 9/11 and pre 7/7 situation in the United Kingdom was such that strict regulatory frameworks effectively restricted the right of the state to engage in the surveillance of its citizens. As regards the pe-9/11 situation in the United States, despite the fact that the US Constitution makes no explicit provisions for privacy, the

Analysis of the Politics of Problem Definition

Analysis of the Politics of Problem Definition INTRODUCTION Comprehending the pros and cons of issues becoming public problems is the clue to understanding the course of action and agenda setting. In the American system there are issues such as poverty, equity, violence, substance abuse, etc. which continuously encroaches on the system but only few can be regarded as public problems and become a consideration for public agenda. Factors like expansion of participation and issue characteristics are liable for a problem to become public. The study assesses the problem definition process using a threshold model of collective behavior. This is based critically on an individual’s threshold of abstinence from the conditions across society. Expectation of the number of individuals who have already crossed the threshold or are likely to cross it influences the inclination of individuals to cross the non-acceptance threshold. To comprehend this, a theoretical framework to the sexual harassment problem and Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings has been utilized. It has been tested with factual data for statistical assessment to an array of collective behavior. THE PROCESS OF PROBLEM DEFINITION A multitude of conditions such as pollution, hunger, smoking and child abuse have plagued America through time but there has been no public disclosure to define them as problem. Therefore a divorce prevails between objective conditions and problem definitions. Citizens assess conditions at individual levels. Social influences, values, culture and norms cause an individual to have a neutral or favorable response to the existing conditions. Understanding of objective costs, benefits of a particular condition can vary in individuals and are evaluated accordingly. When the costs of tolerating the conditions become ample, an individual will cross the threshold of public non-acceptance. GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS The graphical representation of the threshold model is used to understand collective behavior. Here, p = individual’s expectation of the proportion of the population that fails to publicly oppose the condition Oi = private assessment of the condition based on the ratio of costs to benefit plus costs of the condition. The private assessment is Oi and expected social non acceptance (1-p). The heavy line represents the threshold at which individuals with different costs and expectations of social non-acceptance are precisely indifferent between publicly accepting versus non-accepting the condition. The space to the left indicates individuals publicly accepting the condition and the right expresses non-acceptance. In fig. 1 individuals who privately assess the costs of the condition move to public non-acceptance only if they have expectations that the proportion of social non-acceptance is greater. When Oi=1, proportion of (1-p) is greater than 0.40 and when Oi=0.75, proportion of (1-p) is larger than 0.50. If media educate the public about the costs and benefits of the conditions there will be changed problem definition. As individuals alter their private evaluations, the slope of the function representing the distribution of threshold, changes. In fig.2 if Oi=0.75 then (1-p) exceeds 0.30 and when Oi=0.50 expected (1-p) exceeds to 0.50 to oppose the condition. The media makes the setting more useful to changing problem definition by changing the distribution of thresholds for individuals. In fig.3 a cumulative density function of social non acceptance (the dashed line) is superimposed onto the threshold function depicted earlier. The upper horizontal axis indicates actual social non-acceptanc e after cost benefit evaluations. This diagram implies that there is wide gap between private cost-benefit assessment and public positions. The stable equilibria level indicated may alter to change in factual data made available by media, political leaders. Problem reevaluation occurs in an interspersed manner due to the swift shift from point of equilibria to another. Testing the applicability of such models is difficult because of exact data requirements aggregate data may be used to analyze to crossing of the threshold levels of non-acceptance. The importance of the feedback mechanism has also been indicated. SEXUAL HARRASSMENT AND THE CLARENCE THOMAS SUPREME COURT NOMINATION HEARING The feminist movements in the late 1970s termed the exploitation of women by men in the workplace as sexual harassment. This was emphasized by women’s groups who started to educate and garner their support. Statistics reveal that prior to the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings; sexual harassment in workplace was common in America. The Thomas nomination hearings in September and October 1991 drastically altered the political scenario on the issue of sexual harassment. Thomas, a conservative African American, a member of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia was nominated as a Justice of the Supreme Court. The Senate Judiciary Committee held eight days of hearing on the nomination. The nomination was sent to the full Senate without a recommendation. Prior to the scheduled vote, the National Public Radio broadcasted a story that spread rapidly. Anita Hill, a colleague of Thomas alleged sexual harassment against him. Intense pressure from public group s and interests culminated in the postponement schedules votes to investigate charges. Since the hearings were televised nationally, Americans became more educated and aware of the issue. The hearing ended with public opinion swaying in Thomas’ direction and he was confirmed by a narrow margin as a Supreme Court Justice. Simultaneously it was a failure of the women’s movement to remedy the issue of sexual harassment and it would be tolerated and those making the allegations failed to produce change. The focus on the issue enhanced citizen mobilization enhanced. The EEOC data showed equilibrium prior to the hearing. The increase in the number of charges filed corresponded with the timings of the hearing. It was evident that a new higher equilibrium of charges filed was attained. Thus, the cascading process denoted in fig. 3 was at work since there was inertial movement to a new equilibrium. There was no feedback prior or after the hearing. Before the hearings increased prior charges and successes resulted in fewer new charges. This suggests that negative feedback maintained the pre intervention equilibrium. After the hearings increased prior charges and successes produced new charges and successes. This suggests a cascading effect to the new equilibrium. Before the hearings and enhance media attention to sexual harassment actually produced few charges but after the hearings the effect of the media attention on new charges had a dynamic escalation. CONCLUSION This analysis has amalgamated the individual evaluation of costs and benefits with data and social forces resulting in a dynamic change in collective behavior which is best illustrated by using threshold model of collective behavior and distribution of individuals’ thresholds of non-acceptance on the conditions in society. The application of this was explained through the Thomas Supreme Court Nomination hearings. Focus of media and public resulted in more charges, more successes and increase of media attention. Thus in conclusion it can be said that is there is a pre-existing condition that many find privately costly, with widespread public acceptance, the system is ready for a metamorphosis. Since there is a multitude of such conditions prevalent in America at one time and disturbances are likely to occur and changes in the American political system will be present always. Reference Dan Wood, B., Doan, A. (2003). The politics of problem definition: applying and testing threshold models.American Journal of Political Science,47(4), 640-653.