Financial Report for Furniture Company | Example

Budgetary Report for Furniture Company | Example Budgetary Report Scenario: Must Have Furnishers List of chapters (JUMP TO) Presentation Undertaking ONE: Effect of Policies on Company Performance Undertaking TWO: Effect of Product Diversification and Promotions Undertaking THREE: Risk Analysisâ Undertaking FOUR: Production and Profitability Undertaking FIVE: Buying Out and Merging End REFERENCES Informative supplements An E TABLE 1. Incomes TABLE 2. Improved PROFIT AND LOSS TABLE 3. Improved BALANCE SHEET TABLE 4. Benefit AND LOSS FOR MARCH 2001 THROUGH MARCH 2002 TABLE 5. Asset reports FOR MARCH 2002 AND MARCH 2003 FOR COMPARISION Presentation An organization with backbone inside the commercial center will have a sharp comprehension of recurring pattern, have the option to convey change and set up as a regular occurrence procedures that likewise reflect adaptability and qualities for development circumstances. The connection among qualities and culture, pioneers and groups of representatives must keep up a sound equalization all together for business as usual of regular activities to remain yet in addition for the procedures to stay set up and increasing in transition with showcase factors. This paper presents an intriguing situation of five assignments for you as the administration student to investigate and devise a monetary report dependent on the company’s fiscal reports, for example, Profit and Loss, Year End results and other asset reports. There is another team lead, who has advanced new approaches toward change to expand deals and creation however as it were made developing torments toward an association that will require speculation, getting gear and workers. It is an aspect of your responsibilities to stay engaged and emotional to the job that needs to be done and assess every one of the five assignments in light of things to come of the association yet additionally the legitimacy of such development and the future ventures required. While outside speculation is justified now and again, with a developing fruitful endeavor, it is expected that some capital can emerge out of inside. Anyway it is interested if her â€Å"tried and true† plan will wor k for the present financial state. Such huge numbers of customers buy ticket things on portion credit yet will this happen when buyer certainty is down and what will this mean for the association? Undertaking ONE: Effect of Policies on Company Performance There is worry that the organization can't stay aware of creation for this new advancement plot set into place by the new project lead who has advanced credit related deals. The chief is concerned and has requested that you assemble a report explaining on whether the presentation of the organization and it’s money related situation at the year-end has improved on account of the new strategies set up. What is your assessment and basis? As per the end year explanations, activity costs are down which implies the processing plant has arrived at another degree of proficiency. This shows something is going right at the shop room floor when contrasted and the earlier year. It tends not out of the ordinary that the future efficiency will be significantly higher with that pace of development and gainfulness in thought. Anyway part of the plan has been to acquaint a credit extension with the customer as a method of buying high ticket things and outfitting their homes. The principle worry here when taking a gander at the year-end explanations nearly ought to be reason for alert on the purpose of the chief. The earlier year 2002 there were 166 obligation records to the organization. This year 2003 there are 1166 obligation records and this is at a development pace of a thousand new records or a rate 14 percent for this portion. The principle worry here is the pace of reimbursement that should be set up after some time with th ese indebted individuals. How rapidly would they say they are taking care of their records and at what pace of intrigue? This could turn into an issue should some of them fall behind on the grounds that then the organization needs to actualize an obligation assortment administration, which will be an extra cost to the organization. Here and there it is difficult to gather on such product. While the advancement may have brought forth a huge measure of development, it has likewise opened up the organization for expanded hazard later on for benefit and misfortune. The year 2003 was a decent one yet one should likewise consider should the current advancement proceed for 204, what are the drawn out advantages and dangers to having stretched out credit lines to buyers? Assignment TWO: Effect of Product Diversification and Promotions Estimating techniques typically change as the item goes through its life cycle. There are various techniques for deciding cost contingent upon the item. In today’s game, broadening of items and item additional items is the way to progress particularly in a soaked market like furnishings. There is a lot of rivalry. It is in view of this that organizations generally build up different advancements instead of only one. Along these lines, the organization has an advancement that can be estimated for each financial plan. For your association, this may mean running promotion crusades, for example a two at the cost one throughout the winter season or give additional advantages to the client who purchases bundle bargain. At this moment free conveyance is by all accounts a leader of what the shopper is worried about when looking for furniture. Just as the credit offer, which may not drive numerous to buy immediately, have a sweepstakes drawing or a film night that includes your most ag reeable showcase model. In an immersed advertise, it is significant at the costs to stay serious, even diminished at specific seasons. By utilizing another advertising plan, it is very conceivable that you may see a decrease in credit records and more individuals going through money particularly if the cost is correct. Still one must be mindful so as to get an arrival on the item as a benefit in light of the fact that likewise one must think about the expense of obtaining the item, keeping it in stock and conveying to the client. It is critical to consistently remember the expense of keeping the unit per unit in stock. This goes past what it just expenses to deliver the unit. Still with the presentation of a counter advancement with marked down value, you will see more inventories out of the stockroom and less account holder credit engaged with the exchanges. Errand THREE: Risk Analysis The administrator has solicited you to evaluate the legitimacy from two undertakings that are free of one another and require appropriate proposal. You should run a hazard examination just as a net present worth investigation so as to figure out which undertaking to suggest as both will lessen the taking care of cost and distribution center stock levels as a way to all the more likely oversee stock. We utilize distinctive estimating models as a system to help in the investigation. Such models as CAPM and APT guide in making sense of the degrees of hazard associated with the two tasks. For budgetary experts it is of most extreme significance to evaluate hazard as precisely as conceivable so as to sell for this situation the task. Organizations are more than frequently hazard antagonistic and don't have any desire to assume a misfortune with the cash contributed. In this regard most organizations appreciate a preservationist approach, which implies the less hazard included the better. Since APT expands upon CAPM and takes the hypothesis to another level, it requires further investigation to demonstrate the point. Still first so as to comprehend APT, one should initially have a grip of CAPM works. CAPM can just work to survey hazard over the long haul situation. CAPM likewise expect the financial specialist doesn't have inside information and that the Beta is known. This is the main way a normal return can be resolved with CAPM. Imprint McCracken characterizes Beta as â€Å"equals 1.0000. 1 precisely. Each organization additionally has a beta. A companys beta is that companys hazard contrasted with the danger of the general market. In the event that the organization has a beta of 3.0, at that point it is supposed to be multiple times more hazardous than the general market† (standard. 1). For this situation each undertaking has a beta. The measure of hazard and the sort of hazard can be controlled by broadening. Deliberate hazard, which is advertise chance or undiversified hazard, is the segment of an advantages chance that can't be disposed of through expansion. The methodical hazard demonstrates how remembering a specific resource for a broadened portfolio will add to the hazardous idea of the portfolio. Unsystematic hazard, which is firm-explicit or diversifiable hazard, is the segment of a benefits all out hazard that can be wiped out by including the security as a major aspect of a diversifiable portfolio (Mathis, standard. 1). So clearly there are a few tasks that won't be remembered for a differing portfolio due to its characterized chance under this hypothesis. CAPM burrows further to survey for an articulation, which relates the normal profit for an advantage for its methodical hazard. This thus gives the money related proficient better thought of the project’s chance conduct. The condition utilized is as per the following: (Mathis, standard. 3) The proportion of deliberate hazard is viewed as Beta or bi while E[Ri] is equivalent to the normal profit for resource I and Rf is the hazard free rate. E[Rm] is the normal profit for the task and E[Rm] †Rf is the market hazard premium for the organization stock. When the Beta is known then the hazard and pace of return can be found. Adept is diverse in light of the fact that not exclusively can gauge as long as possible, it can likewise work for the transient situation. This reality makes it the better of the two speculations since it gives the money related proficient more instruments to survey chance and the pace of return. Able does this by utilizing a model that catches all the information. Different things this model can perform for hazard evaluation consider organization needs. Hazard Estimates, for example, Tracking Error, Value-at-Risk (VaR), conjecture instability, deliberate dynamic hazard, beta to benchmark, relationship with benchmark. Well-suited does these computations in a direct system with various factors. This is the way unique time spans can be utilized. For the APT model there are a few outside components to consider. The ‘Now’ resource is characterized by various be

Over The Course Of The Late 19th And Early 20th Centuries Most Europea

Through the span of the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years most European nations were battling to locate a productive type of government. Government rotated from governments to vote based systems and developed to authoritarian tyrants. Extremist governments, for example, Nazi Germany, displayed incredible contrasts from past type of political control by a first class gathering, With the lock of much consistency, authoritarian governments were adaptable and mixed numerous types of philosophy of government. One incredible contrast in the cutting edge extremist governments is organization and authority. Current authoritarians, for example, Hitler of Nazi Germany, held their nations in a tight grasp of control and assumed the title of despots. (Hitler was referred to in Germany as the Fuhrer.) Hitler, for instance, utilized the Gestapo, mystery police, to threaten any adversaries to the Fuhrer or the desire of the individuals (Volk). Hitler likewise directed a mass homic ide of any people in the Riechstag or in any case that he felt were a danger to him. This weekend in October 1934 was known as the Night of the Long Knives where up to a thousand people were murdered be Hitler's feared SS men. Hitler and his purposeful publicity serve Joseph Geobbel, besieged the individuals of Germany with thoughts of how world class Germans and Hitler were. A typical trademark cheered by Germans was Sieg Heil-Hail to Victory! here Nazi's indicated a touch of traditionalist with their high respect to chain of command and request. Another quality of present day authoritarianism is the indispensable soul of patriotism. Patriotism was completed to an extraordinary degree in Germany. German individuals were barraged with the possibility that they were the incomparable Aryan race and just the had the right to receive the rewards of their incredible nation. This thought was completed so far that they started to shape a shut network, and started a lot of hostile to Semiti sm. Under Hitler's impact, German People started to join in disdain for wrong acts against their nation, for example, the Versailles Treaty and the parliament betraying Hindenburg and the German Army, and the horrible financial emergency the were experiencing a direct result of progressivism and private enterprise. The significance of building a solid mechanical and military state additionally turned into an example of arrangement in the advanced authoritarian governments. Hitler, similar to the fundamentalists and their standard of autarky, needed to shape an independent economy dependent on mass industrialization, the regular characteristic of created nations, and the quest for new innovation. The entirety of this, obviously, was utilized to fabricate a more noteworthy military machine. Hitler had separated the nation into 34 Gaue each run by magistrates. Inside every Gaue were magistrates of industrial facilities, giving Hitler much power over each German. Under Hitler production lines blasted and the way of life rose, and individuals were content with the solidness of their extremist government. Taking everything into account, over the time between the late 1800's and mid 1900's European government experienced uncommon and some of the time fast change. Governments went from governments to parliaments to tyrants and the new arrangements of current despotism.

Emergencies and Divorce How to Plan For Worst-Case Scenarios

Emergencies and Divorce How to Plan For Worst-Case Scenarios Emergencies and Divorce: How to Plan For Worst-Case Scenarios Emergencies and Divorce: How to Plan For Worst-Case ScenariosBuilding an emergency fund is key, as is making sure that both partners in any marriage have a clear understanding of the couples finances.It’s easy to plan for the things we’re looking forward to. Want to save up for a nice vacation? It may take some discipline and dedication, but it can be nice to think about, and thinking about saving money is the first step to saving it. It might not be easy, but every time you get discouraged, you can just picture yourself on a beach, sipping a drink from a coconut with a little umbrella in it and redouble your efforts.But it’s much harder to motivate yourself to think about the bad stuff in life, let alone actually translate those thoughts into action. We don’t want to consider the possibility that negative life events like financial emergencies, divorce or even death, are going to happen. But they very much can. In fact, they’re extremely common! And the last one is guarant eed!And as bad as any costly emergency or divorce can be, they’ll be so much worse if you aren’t prepared for them. Failing to plan for emergency expenses is how people end up taking out predatory no credit check loans like payday loans and cash advancesâ€"a fate that should be avoided at all costs. So how can you prepare for the things you’d rather forget about?Take things one step at a time.Before we get into the specifics of how to plan for specific tragic life events, it’s important to make sure you’re in the right mindset. And that could mean sometimes taking a little break.“First, I think its important to recognize that we are all a little weird when it comes to money,” began Derek Hagen, founder of Hagen Financial. “And thats even when we are thinking about the happy parts of money. We get more uncomfortable talking about money than we do about politics, sex, and religion. So its natural that we get really uncomfortable when we think about areas where somethin g might go wrong or where we failed.“As uncomfortable as it is, its important to try and talk about these topics, with our spouses, partners, children, parents, or anyone who would be involved if something happened. Starting the conversation is step one. Try to separate emotions from these financial decisions. We dont want to talk about our death because its uncomfortable, but ignoring it could lead to far more stress for our heirs.“When having money conversations, try to recognize when you are about to feel emotional flooding. When we talk about stressful situations there comes a time when our ‘logical brain’ shuts off and we speak with our ‘emotional brain’ only. To avoid this, try taking 20-30 minute breaks when you feel this is about to happen. Respect and encourage others who suggest taking a break as well, since they will want to avoid emotional flooding, as well.”OK. Now you’re in the right mindset and you’re going to take breaks when necessary. Let’s star t with some general emergency planning advice.How to start building your emergency fund.An emergency fund is a good step to have regardless of what kind of life event may come your way. Having one in place means that you can do what needs to be done during an emergency without having to worry about the cost. Otherwise, you might end up having to take out a bad credit loan to make ends meet. And while some of these loans can be a sound financial solution, many others are not.“You need an emergency fund in case of an emergency, such as losing your job or having big unexpected medical or other bills,” advised Eric Meermann, certified financial planner (CFP), enrolled agent (EA), and vice president of  Palisades Hudson Financial Group (@palisadeshudson).“First, create a budget and track your monthly living expenses. Remove non-essential expenses that you would go without in the event of an emergency, such as losing your job. This will help you determine how much you need to have i n your emergency fund. Typically, your emergency cash reserve should be able to cover at least six months of anticipated living expenses, and as much as 12 months if you are the sole income earner in your household, are concerned about job security, or are self-employed.“Open a separate bank account from your primary checking account, such as an online savings account, for your emergency fund. You want to have access on short notice, while avoiding the temptation to use these savings for non-emergencies. Most importantly, your emergency fund should not be invested in the stocks or bonds to avoid the risk that it could decline in value when you need to use it. Also avoid putting your fund in a CD because you don’t want to incur costly penalties if you need to access the money before the CD matures.“Put your emergency fund contributions on auto-pilot by setting up recurring monthly transfers from your checking account to your savings account. If the transfers occur automatically , you are more likely to reach your savings target faster than if you leave it up to yourself to fund the account without wavering.”A well-stocked emergency fund will help you through any number of different stressful situations. However, there’s one area where it won’t be that much use at all: divorce.To prevent a messy divorce, both partners need to know the financials.While divorce might not be as scary as death, it can be even harder to discuss with your partner. After all, why would you even bring it up, especially if things are going well?!But no one gets married with the plan to get divorced. That’s why it can be a good idea to discuss things like prenups when things are going well and you’re both deeply, madly in love rather than risk having to hammer out those sorts of details if things get rocky.It’s also important that shared finances get shared attention.“As a Certified Divorce Financial Analyst (TM), the biggest mistake I see with clients is not having a g rasp of their financials: both the daily expenses as well as the investments,” warned Certified Divorce Financial Analyst Jennifer Jank.“One spouse typically either handles them all, or one handles the daily and the other handles investments. Both spouses need to understand their household income and expenses, as well as the balances of investment accounts (including retirement accounts) and how theyre invested. Then when the divorce happens (or the spouses death happens), the less knowledgeable partner is blindsided by everything they dont know.”Financial advisor Rosemary Frank echoed and expanded on that sentiment: “The most comprehensive way to prepare financially for divorce is to fully participate in the household finances. Know what is going on. A recent survey by UBS revealed that 98% of all divorced women say they wish they had known more about what their husbands were doing with the finances. If he ‘won’t let you’ participate, you are more ready for divorce th an you may realize. Financial abuse is rampant. The same research shows that millennials are much more likely to surrender financial responsibilities to husbands than boomers. This is shocking.”Hopefully you’ll take those steps before a divorce happens. But there are also considerations to make post-divorce, as Mark Charnet, founder and CEO of American Prosperity Group, told us:“After a divorce, the individual must analyze where they currently are relative to a projected retirement date, determine assets on hand, risk tolerance and available recurring capital to direct to retirement plans. Even though the divorcee potentially lost half of their retirement plan in the divorce, they also lost a portion of the expense to pay for the now ex-spouses retirement needs. More discipline is required to pay yourself first, live on less today in order to have more in retirement, and to carefully monitor the retirement plan statements for any buying opportunities. With a religious fervor, contributions must be increased and accelerated to take advantage of ‘dollar cost averaging,’ the opportunity to purchase with a lesser average cost than the average price over time.”Nobody likes preparing for the worst. But for those who take the time do that prep, their worst isnt quite as worse as everyone else’s. To learn more about long-term financial planning, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Good Personal Finance for the Long TermFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your MoneyThe DO’s and DO NOT’s of Saving For CollegeHave you and your family planned for worst case scenarios? We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.ContributorsMark Charnet, founder and CEO of American Prosperity Group, has been in the retirement and financial estate planning field for over 35 years. Mark has numerous certifications and credentials, including Life and Health Insurance, Certified Annuity Specialist and FINR A Series 6, 63, and 65 Securities Licenses. APG’s unique approach to retirement and legacy planning allows clients to retire with confidence.Rosemary Frank is the Principal of Rosemary Frank Financial, LLC, a fee-only Registered Investment Adviser. As such, she provides services in the areas of wealth management, divorce financial consulting, and other attorney support services. Bound by the fiduciary standard, she always puts the clients best interests ahead of all other considerations.Derek Hagen  is the founder of Hagen Financial, LLC, a financial coaching and counseling firm that helps clients develop a healthy relationship with money and find the motivation to change their behavior. He is the founder of the Money Health blog which  helps readers increase their financial health. Derek holds the Certified Financial Planner and Chartered Financial Analyst designations. In his free time, he enjoys all things outdoors, especially camping, hiking, and running.Jennifer “JJ” Jank focuses on women and their financial needs, and her goal is to empower women through financial education, including divorce financial analysis. She is a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER and a Certified Divorce Financial Analyst ® professional. She can be found on the internet through either of her website www.FabFemFinance.com.Eric Meermann, CFP ®, CVA, EA, is the senior client service executive in the Stamford office of Palisades Hudson Financial Group (@palisadeshudson), where he supervises the staff of client service professionals. As a vice president, he is also responsible for firmwide professional staff development, as well as serving clients in the Northeast and across the country.

Pop Art Essay examples - 1436 Words

The Pop Art movement has always been scrutinised for its legitimacy in the traditional Art world. The notion of Pop Art, in the 1960’s, seemed to some critics to be simple appropriation, taking an idea from someone else and then making it their own by altering or decontextualizing it. Traditional artists, art collectors and appreciators, found this new challenge of separating High Art from Low Culture difficult with the avant-garde approach taken by Pop Artists like Claes Oldenburg, Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein. This essay will explore the origins of Pop Art and its clashes with High Art and its stereotypes. Looking at the pioneers of Pop Art, Andy Warhol with his works â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Cans† and â€Å"Untitled from Marilyn Monroe†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The twin questions that reverberate throughout the episode: What is art? Who is an artist?† , undeniably applies to the foundations of the Pop Art movement. The episode shows Homer, often portrayed as the ‘typical idiot American’ father, failing to build a DIY barbeque, in his rage he disfigures the project even further and decides to get rid of it. In doing so he coincidently bumps into an art gallery owner who states she would like to exhibit his so called ‘Art’ Homer replies, â€Å"This isnt art. Its just a barbecue that pushed me too far† . When seeing the art show his wife Marge, who aspired to be an artist in high school, fails to come to terms with the fact that this could be called ‘Art’ â€Å"I just cant believe people are paying millions of dollars for something some hillbilly dug out of the trash† . Homer sells a piece and the exhibitioner proclaims Congratulations, Homer. Youre now a professional artist . His second show is a complete and utter failure. As he looks for inspiration and to pin point where he went wrong he visits an art gallery. There he examines the works of Picasso, Claes Oldenbur g and Andy Warhol. On seeing Warhol’s painting of the can of Campbell’s soup Homer exclaims, â€Å"These guys are geniuses. I could never think of something like soup.† . This statement illustrates the mixture of simplicity and complexity of Pop Art. The episode ends with Homer keeping trying to one up himself with his art andShow MoreRelatedThe Pop Of Pop Art Movement Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pages Pop Art movement, centralised in the United States during the 1950s-60s, was a stage in the post modernism era in which the line between low art and high art was blurred and art was more accessible to the general public (Gambino, 2011). Andy Warhol was an iconic artist during the pop art movement alongside artists like Rauschenberg and Lichtenstein. The artworks, â€Å"Campbell’s Soup Cans† (1962) and â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (1962), depict icons from two different contexts and illustrate the theme of overRead MorePop Art As A Form Of Art1014 Wor ds   |  5 PagesPop Art is in our everyday life. Whether it’s the design on a soup can or an actual painting you see it every day. Many of the things we see every day are in famous pop art paintings. The movement Pop Art started in the late 1950s to the early 1960s. It spread widely through Britain and the Americas. The Movement Pop Art was named by the art critic Lawrence Alloway. At first the public didn t accept Pop Art as a form of art. It was later accepted by many critics. The critics felt it showed thatRead MoreThe Leader Of Pop Art1767 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood The leader of Pop Art, Andrew Warhola, was born on August 6th, 1928. His parents Ondrej and Ulja Warhola were both Czechoslovakian immigrants, before giving birth, they moved to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ondrej and Ulja had two elder sons named John and Paul. During his adolescence years, a plethora of different health disorders had affected Andrew, such as; Sydenham’s chorea and Scarlet fever. Andrew constantly received treatment which caused him to develop a fear towards hospitals.Read MoreWarhol And Art With Pop Culture Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesBritain and in the United States. During the late 1950’s the pop artists began to look for inspiration in everyday things. They were getting inspiration from consumer goods and mass media. They began with bold colors, and they also adopted the silk-screening. They also established and idea were there work had its own originality. Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein were very aware of the past however there idea was to co nnect fine art with pop culture. There ideas came straight from the televisions, advertisementsRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement Essay1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pop Art Movement Pop art got its name from Lawrence Alloway, who was a British art critic in 1950’s. The name â€Å"Pop Art† reflected on the â€Å"familiar imagery of the contemporary urban environment† (kleiner, 981). This art form was popular for its bold and simple looks plus its bright and vibrant colors. An example of this type of art is the oil painting done by Andy Warhol, â€Å"Marilyn Diptych† (Warhol, Marilyn Diptych) in 1962. The Pop art movement became known in the mid-1950 and continued asRead MorePop Art And The Pop Culture1616 Words   |  7 PagesDuring its time, pop art really exposed American culture. The pop art movement gained its prominence in the United States during the 1960’s. The pop art movement came after the abstract expressionist movement and first emerged in Great Britain during the late 1950’s but blew up in the United States. Like I already stated, I believe that in our society our overall beliefs and values are reflected through various aspects of our everyday lives. I believe that pop art and the pop art movement is a greatRead MoreAmerican Pop Art Essay2717 Words   |  11 Pagesiconographic features of American Pop Art. Centre your discussion on one or two examples each of the work of the following artists: Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, Tom Wesselmann, James Rosenquist. Pop Art is one of the major art movements of the Twentieth Century. Characterized by themes and techniques drawn from mass culture such as advertising and comic books, pop art is widely interpreted as a reaction to the ideas of abstract expressionism which preceded Pop in the late 1940s and earlyRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement Of The 1960 S1051 Words   |  5 PagesComing to the United States in the early 1950’ and reaching its peak of activity in the 1960’s would be Pop art. This type of art was everywhere, billboards, commercial products, and celebrity images. You see this type of art mostly in comic strips. This type of art celebrates the everydays items that people used. Pop art was the start of a new art movement, In the very beginning, PopArt began in Britain in the way early 1950s. Arthistory.com says â€Å" The first application of the term PopArt occurredRead MoreAndy Warhol and Pop Art Essay565 Words   |  3 PagesAndy Warhol and Pop Art All paintings are inspirational, but I chose to write about 3 specific paintings by 3 very different artists. The first of three artists is Andy Warhol and his â€Å"The Gun† painting, the second is Roy Lichtenstein and his â€Å"Girl with Ball† painting and the third is Robert Rauschenberg with his â€Å"Migration† painting. In the following report, you will read about the different styles of these artists, communicative theories, inner state theories, form and content, and how theyRead MoreThe Pop Art Movement : An International Phenomenon1438 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pop Art movement was an international phenomenon that began in the 1950’s in which artists like Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol sought to initiate fresh thinking in art. The term Pop Art is credited to the British art critic Lawrence Alloway and is short for â€Å"popular art† which referred to the popular mass culture and familiar imagery of the contemporary urban environment. This movement was a comment and expansion on the then popular ideas of the Abstract Impressionism movement. Fred S. Kleiner

Capitalization - Definition, Guidelines, and Examples

Moods Free Essays

No doubt man is a social being and can never live a mundane custom always. Man undergoes dissimilar swings and moods in his every day life. It is true that moods are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. We will write a custom essay sample on Moods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike a computer or any automatic tool, man gets worn out or gets weary easily. He cannot carry out any repeated action incessantly without a break. Let us take a quick tour of an instance of an exacting student who was a characteristic bookworm. He was very careful and he did studies and not anything else the whole day. Ironically, his marks never used to demonstrate the efforts he used to take. The cause for this absurdity was that he always kept poring into books with no positive mood. No doubt he never used to take even a minute gap of rest. This forced his mind to start inattention and stay put in reveries. This would obviously influence his academic and over all presentation in school activities. There is one more cause to hold up this statement. On taking a break from a usual behavior, say, studies would give a touch to the person. One would feel rather guilty for homicide the time into other behavior. This would prompt the person to study harder and go in an earlier rate with full attentiveness in his studies. Thus, still a half an hour break would save hours of time which would just be exhausted in reveries. (Thayer, 1997) Taking a diminutive period of break would give rest to the mind. The person would feel invigorated to go back to work in an improved mood. A person wearied out or in a bad swing would sense joyous and happy if he/she takes a break by doing amazing attractive or even by taking respite for a while.   Furthermore one could take a break by connecting in any sport movement or spend various times by a hobby. Going for sports could be a high-quality time-pass. This will get better one’s health and obviously enrich one’s mind since a sound mind forever dwells in a sound body. It would also get better a person’s aptitude in sports or additional co-curricular activities like illustration, music etc. A person could get improved himself in an over-all method, not only in work but also in engage in recreation. Therefore, I powerfully believe that it is true saying moods are intense feelings that are directed at someone or something. References Thayer E. Robert, (1997), The Origin of Everyday Moods: Managing Energy, Tension, and Stress. Oxford University Press, New York. How to cite Moods, Essay examples

Macroeconomics Aggregate Expenditures

Question: Discuss about the Macroeconomics for Aggregate Expenditures. Answer: 1.a) Aggregate Expenditures = Consumption + Government Expenditure + Investment + Net Exports A = 1300 + 150 + 200 50 = 1600 = Aggregate Expenditure B = 2400 200 150 (-50) B = 2400 + 50 350 = 2100 = Consumption Real GDP Consumption Savings Investment Government Expenditures Net Exports Taxes Aggregate Expenditures Surplus/ Shortage (Unplanned Investment) 0 500 -500 200 150 -50 100 800 -800 1000 1300 -300 200 150 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 50 100 1600 -600 2000 2100 -100 200 150 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 50 100 2400 -400 3000 2900 100 200 150 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 50 100 3200 -200 4000 3700 300 200 150 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 50 100 4000 0 5000 4500 500 200 150 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 50 100 4800 +200 Table: GDP and Aggregate Expenditure Model Source: (Created by Author) b) For the above table, it can be seen that the country is running a trade deficit, as the imports are greater than exports due to the negative sign. For domestic Trade balance, (Savings + Tax) = (Government Expenditure + Investment) + Net Exports (Savings Investments) = (Government Expenditure Tax) + Net Exports 200 = 150 100 50 = 0 This depicts that the domestic balance is also facing a balance deficit in the country. c) AE = AE + (slope of AE)*Y Slope of AE = Marginal Leakage Rate = Change in leakage rate / Change in income MLR = 800/1000 = 0.8 MLR = (1 MPE) MPE = 0.2 d) The aggregate equation of AE is given as, AE = 800 + 0.8Y e) The value of Real GDP in equilibrium is at 4000 f) This can be done using the multiplier effect such that increase in change in real GDP can be calculated. Change in Real GDP = (1/ (1-MLR)) X (Change in Government Expenditure) Change in Real GDP = (1/ (1 0.8) X (200 150) Change Real GDP = 0.5 X 50 = 250 billion dollars Increase in Real GDP from 4000 to (4000+250) that is 4250 billion dollars 2. a) The IS relation can be devised from S = I S = I Y C G = I Y 200 - 0.25 (Y T) G = 150 + 0.25Y 1000r Y 200 - 0.25 (Y 200) 250 = 150 + 0.25Y 1000r Y - 0.25Y 0.25Y + 1000r = 200 - 50 + 250 + 150 5Y + 1000r = 550 Y + 2000r = 1100 . (i) b) The LM relation can be devised from Md = Ms (M/P)d = Ms 2Y 8000r = (M/P)d 2Y 8000r = 1600 Y 4000r = 800 . (ii) c) Equating equation (i) and (ii) for equilibrium real interest rate IS = LM Y + 2000r 1100 = Y 4000r - 800 r = 300/6000 = 0.05 . (iii) d) For level of output, we take equation (i) and substitute value of equation (iii) Y + 2000r = 1100 Y = 1100 2000 X 300/6000 Y = 1100 100 Y = 1000 = Level of output e) Value of C, I and G C = 200 + 0.25 (Y T) = 200 + 0.25 (1000 200) = 200 + 0.25 (800) = 200+200 = 400 I = 150 + 0.25Y 1000r = 150 + 0.25*1000 1000*300/6000 = 150 + 250 50 = 350 After calculation, C + I + G = Y 400 + 350 +250 = 1000 = Y = Level of Output f) Now, M/P = 1840 Then, the changes will be made in the money market. (M/P)d = Ms 2Y 8000r = (M/P)d 2Y 8000r = 1840 Y 4000r = 920 . (iv) Equating equation (i) and (iv) for equilibrium real interest rate, we get IS = LM Y + 2000r 1100 = Y 4000r - 920 r = 180/6000 = 0.03 . (v) For level of output, we take equation (i) and substitute value of equation (v) Y + 2000r = 1100 Y = 1100 2000 X 180/6000 Y = 1100 60 Y = 1040 = Level of output Value of C and I C = 200 + 0.25 (Y T) = 200 + 0.25 (1040 200) = 200 + 0.25 (840) = 200+210 = 410 I = 150 + 0.25Y 1000r = 150 + 0.25*1040 1000*180/6000 = 150 + 260 30 = 380 According to the changes in monetary expansion, the interest rate has decreased, level of output has increased and level of consumption has even increased. However, the change of consumption is more than the level of output in this scenario. g) Now, government spending has been increased to 400 Then, the changes will be made in the goods market. The IS relation can be devised from S = I S = I Y C G = I Y 200 - 0.25 (Y T) 400 = 150 + 0.25Y 1000r Y 200 - 0.25 (Y 200) 400 = 150 + 0.25Y 1000r Y - 0.25Y 0.25Y + 1000r = 200 - 50 + 400 + 150 5Y + 1000r = 1400 Y + 2000r = 1400 . (vi) Equating equation (vi) and (ii) for equilibrium real interest rate IS = LM Y + 2000r 1400 = Y 4000r - 800 r = 600/6000 = 0.01 . (vii) For level of output, we take equation (vi) and substitute value of equation (vii) Y + 2000r = 1400 Y = 1400 2000 X 600/6000 Y = 1400 200 Y = 1200 = Level of output Value of C and I C = 200 + 0.25 (Y T) = 200 + 0.25 (1200 200) = 200 + 0.25 (1000) = 200 + 250 = 450 I = 150 + 0.25Y 1000r = 150 + 0.25*1200 1000*600/6000 = 150 + 300 100 = 350 According to the changes in fiscal expansion, the interest rate has decreased to a significant level, level of output has increased considerably whereas the investment has been the same and level of consumption has even increased. However, the change of consumption is more than the level of output due to increase in the government spending.

The Revolution In Cuba Was Not A Result Of Economic Deprivation, Nor B

The revolution in Cuba was not a result of economic deprivation, nor because of high expectations in the economy, it was the political factors and expectations which evoked the civilians to revolt. The Cuban economy was moving forward at the time before the rebellion but the dominant influence of the sugar industry made the economy "assymetrical" and encouraged no "dynamic industrial sector". Because of the dependance on sugar, the unemployment rate ranged between 16 and 20% rising and falling with sugar prices, ebbing and flowing as the season changed. The rural wage levels were incredibly unsteady and unpredictable; the standard of living was low. Dependance on the sugar industry did not retard the economy of Cuba, just the wages of its workers. It was the leaders of the nation who reaped profit from this dependance, and it was the leaders of the nation who insisted on keeping the nation the way it was. By the mid 1950's, however, the middle class had expanded to 33% of the population. Democracy, as we know it, broke down: the large middle class did not assert democratic leadership, there was no social militancy in the working class ranks, and the people found order preferable to disarray. Batista could no longer legitimize his regime . Failure in the elections of 1954 showed the discontent of the people, and failure in communications with the United States illustrated its discontent. Finally, opposing forces confronted Batista's power: there were street protests, confrontations with the police, assault, sabotage, and urban violence. This began the revolution in Cuba. ? America, with its stubborn ideas and misjudgements of character, forced Castro to turn to the Soviets for alliance and aid. When Castro visited the United States in April, 1959, there were different respected individuals holding different views of him and his future actions. Nixon believed Castro to be naive, some others thought him a welcome change from Batista, still others called him an "immature but effective leader, without a well formed view of how to lead a revolutionary movement and not overly concerned with abstract of philosophical matters" (p. 55). Why, then, did the United States impress nit-picky ideals like "there should not be communists in the Army or in labor", or "Cuba's approach to the Batista trials is totally unacceptable, too casual, too nonchalant" on this "forming" leader? Castro was like an inexperienced murderer with a gun in his hand: any rustle in the background could set off his nervous trigger finger causing death, destruction, and liaisons with the U.S.S.R. When America expressed dislike of the trial procedures Castro was holding, of course he (Castro) would try to prove he was able to run his country by himself and snub the U.S. ambassador. The United States had so much invested in Cuba that it was stupid to think that Cuba could not retaliate when the U.S. cut off sugar imports. America was just too sure of itself thinking it could get away with criticism and acts like that when an "immature" leader was in control. Cuba was not totally dependant on the United States and proved itself so. If Cuba could not find help and support in America, it sought elsewhere for those who smiled on its actions and ideals. Castro found friends in Russia; the United States made this so. ? Succeeding and failing have alot to do with judgement. For the United States, the revolution was a failure because the result was a communist nation in the Carribean. For the revolutionarie s in Cuba, the revolution accomplished many of their goals: capitalism was abolished and socialism installed eroding class distinctions and eliminating private property, the working conditions improved, women's rights improved, labor unions were recogniz ed, the military became more modern and advanced, political order was restored, the status of the country improved from dependant to independant, and many more. For the people of Cuba, therefore, the revolution can be viewed as a success (if communism ca n be seen as acceptable), but for America, the result was a failure. ? Latin America is one of the poorest and underdeveloped sections of the world. Because of this fact, it is difficult for its nations to compete and thrive in the world market with modern nations as they struggle to industrialize and improve their status. Capitalism, as a basis for an economy, means that each man has to struggle to make a living, that each man may fail and starve, and that each man may get a lucky break and thrive. We saw this struggle of the lower classes clearly in Mexico during their industrialization. With communism, a man

When ledgends die essays

When ledgends die essays In the book When the Legends Die by Hal Borland, Tom is influenced by many people and their ideas. As his settings change, new things influence him to change his personality. The three main influences on Tom are his mother Bessie, Red Dillon and His biggest influence out of everyone would be his mother Bessie. She taught Tom about the old ways, how to fish, chant and weave baskets. Basically she him everything he knows. As well as teaching Tom all these things she taught him to be self sufficient. Eventhough she had 13 years with her son, she gave him a belief in his indian ways that would come back again later on in his life. At the end of this novel when he goes back to the old ways, it's really a way for him to thank her for everything she provided him with. He really found himself at the end of the novel and found his Red Dillon was the total opposite of Bessie. He made him forget about where he was from and his goals for life. He pushed Tom farther away from his history. He also got him to cheat and drink. Tom knew these things were wrong but it stayed in his routine. Red tested Tom to his fullest and pushed Tom to work harder. Unfortunatley Red did not work quite as hard as Tom and even got Tom to set a deadfall on one of his rides. When he was living with the white man he was getting used to the white peoples ways all the while losing site of his Ute history. Mary Redmond who was another of Tom's influences played a big role in encouraging Toms to change his ideas about life in general. She was the one looking over him wile he was staying in the hospital. She was the only person that was in the hospital who truly cared for him. He knew she meant well but he was scared to ask her for help because he had been let down so many times before in his life. She changed his thinking on what he was going to do when he go out of the hospital. At first ...

Innovation - PAYPAL make the life more easier Essay

Innovation - PAYPAL make the life more easier - Essay Example In 2002, PayPal was acquired by EBay Inc. and made the official payment channel of the worldwide sites of EBay electronic commerce business wing. PayPal is chosen as the innovation topic for the essay because the establishment of PayPal was followed by huge success and popularity of the same in the international financial services and online payments domain. The essay would include a discussion of why PayPal can be considered to be a radical innovation in the electronic commerce and financial services domain. A review of the different literary works presented on the topic of innovation is done to link the theories of innovation to the practical example of PayPal as a breakthrough innovation. A section of the essay would include a discussion of the conditions and background which led to the establishment and success of PayPal in the global business platform. The essay would be suitably concluded with a summary of the findings from the report and with a small discussion regarding the future strategies that are likely to be used by PayPal for continued success and sustainability. PayPal was initially set up as a technology push innovation and later ensured continued success through sustainable innovative practices. This technological innovation was a result of the combination of technological advances and improvement in the use of materials and processes within different businesses. The innovation was fuelled and supported by the boom of electronic commerce activities across the globe. The cross border electronic commerce transactions conducted by millions of people across the globe created the need for a unique, safe, secure and globally usable online payment transfer domain. The innovators of PayPal tapped in this market need and used the advances in technology like access to internet, development of financial services domains and electronic commerce businesses to create the online

Ivaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ivaluation - Essay Example When the storm happened, Calixta’s husband and son were in town while Alcee’s wife was away. Despite their marital status, they had this intense sexual relationship that they could not find in their spouses. This presented a very liberating idea of the author about adultery. How could sex and love be different? Was she trying to say that a person can be emotionally faithful and committed but physically not? If that was the case, then any married person who could not find sexual satisfaction from his/her partner could deliberately have sex with anyone as long as it was just physical contact and mere sex, and as long as you do not get caught as the part â€Å"the actual storm passed by without doing any real damage, leaving the city as it had been before the storm† (Pope, 2010). Therefore, adultery would just be a normal thing in the society. One can always justify that having sex is just an act of fulfilling his/her sexual needs with someone who can satisfy it if that person cannot find it from his/her own partner. What is the essence of marriage at this point? Moving on, another crucial issue in this story was femininity. First, the character of Calixta was described to be â€Å"unable to conform to the society’s standards of acceptable conduct† (M, 2012) especially in the 19th century setting. Symbolically, it goes with the issue of chastity as Calixta was a married woman which went favourably with Alcee. Looking closely at it, a sexually mutual relationship compromised the affair of the two main characters. Calixta had her sexual longing and desire as a woman beyond her role as a wife and mother. Her marriage was seemingly repressing her and having a passionate sexual encounter with Alcee released her from the pressures of her married life. Giving in to Alcee was not because of love for this man but for the love of herself. It was her human nature that she needed to satisfy. This part of characterization was very liberating although not in a vulgar way, yet it made a negative impression among women in a patriarchal society. Taking into account that women have their own needs, let us say that they have the right and the freedom to voice them out and seek for their satisfaction, at what extent should they attain it? It is just to cheat on their spouse just to fulfil the physical and sexual fantasy and longing? How can the society or the women themselves distinguish their feminine satisfaction from immorality? Contrary to the first two themes, marriage that was supposed to be of high moral was given a different treatment in the story. It set boundaries among the characters instead of giving them space to grow as different individuals. Calixta found pressure in her marriage having a husband described to be undependable. Alcee, on the other side, being far away from his wife did not have a spouse to answer his sexual passion. At the end of it all, the elements lacking in their marriage pushed them to cheat on their spouses. Dishonesty in a marital relationship is immoral and sinful, but in the story, the sexual bliss served as a therapy both for Calixta and Alcee to be kinder and sweeter to their spouses. Ironically, their so called hypocrisy seemed to help strengthen rather than destroying their individual marriages. Personally, one thing I noticed in this story was the act of

European Telecommunications Policy on Liberalisation

European Telecommunications Policy on Liberalisation Introduction This paper critically discusses the European telecommunications policy which is mainly intended to liberalise all telecommunications goods and services. Telecommunications policy is concerned with fixed telephone network, telephone (voice) service, other services based on the telephone network, mobile telephony and electronic information network services such as the internet. Communications technologies services serve as a vital link between industry, the services sector and market as well as between peripheral areas and economic centres.[1] There is therefore no question as to the importance of having a telecommunications policy in place to ensure industrial competitiveness and economic and social cohesion. What cannot, however, escape comment is the kind of telecommunications policy introduced in Europe by the European Union. Background information European telecommunications policy started with a Council Decision and Resolution on standardisation of in the field of information technology which was adopted in 1987.[2] The aim of the Decision and Resolution was to create a European market in telecommunications equipment. This was meant to ensure that competition prevails across member states and also to ensure exchange of information, the convergence of industrial strategies and the creation of exploitation of a vast European information technologies and telecommunications market. A Directive was issued in 1999 to establish a single market for radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment. The Directive also prescribes the mutual recognition of their conformity based on the principle of the manufacturer’s declaration.[3] In order to succeed in creating a single market in telecommunications services it was realised that telecommunications markets had to be liberated so that user would be able to procure and connect terminal equipment without the obligation of applying to a single national telecommunications authority. To this end, member states are therefore required to bring an end excusive and special rights remaining in the telecommunications, the restrictions on the installations used for mobile networks as well as the interconnection between such networks. Suppliers of telecommunications services are also entitled to use capacity on cable television networks for all communications services, main data communications, closed corporate networks and multimedia services. Complete liberalisation of voice telephony and telecommunications infrastructure was are intended to be achieved. National regulatory authorities are also required to contribute to the development of the internal market by way of co-o peration with each other and with the Commission to ensure the consistent application in all member states. In 2002, a Directive[4] was issued for the establishment of a harmonised regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services throughout the European Union. The Directive takes account of all electronic communications networks and services within it scope. The electronic communications networks and services include transmissions system and routing equipment as well as other resources which permit the conveyance of signals by wire, by radio, by optical or by other electromagnetic means. They also include satellites networks, fixed and mobile-terrestrial networks, electricity cable system networks used for radio and television broadcasting, and cable television networks. There is also what is known as the â€Å"telecoms package† under which four specific directives were issued. One of these Directives concerns access. It is intended to provide a framework for rules that are applicable to specific products or service markets in particular geographical area. It is also intended to address identified market problems between access and interconnection suppliers.[5] For example, it gives operators of public communications a right and also impose obligation on them to negotiate interconnection with each other for the purpose of providing publicly available electronic communications services, so as to ensure provision and interoperability of services throughout the European community. One of the specific Directives also concerns authorisation. It is intended to implement an internal market in electronic communications networks and services through the harmonisation and simplification of authorisation rules and conditions in order to facilitate their provision throughout the community. [6] The Directive requires member states to ensure the freedom to provide electronic networks and services, subject to certain conditions set out in the Directive. Member states are therefore obliged not to prevent an undertaking from providing electronic communications networks or services without proper reasons.[7] The Directive also stipulates that the general authorisation system should apply to all such services and networks irrespective of their technological characteristics and should limit administrative barriers to entry into the market to a minimum. Another of the specific Directives concerns universal service and users. It is intended to ensure universal service provision for public telephony services in an environment of greater overall competitiveness, with provisions for financing the cost of providing a universal service in the most competitively neutral manner and for ensuring a maximum of information transparency.[8] Also, the Directive is intended to ensue the interoperability of digital consumer television equipment and the provision of certain mandatory services. Furthermore, the Directive establishes the rights of users and consumers of electronic communications service. The fourth specific Directive concerns the processing of personal data and the protection of privacy in the electronic communication sector.[9] It harmonises the provision of member states required to ensure an equivalent level of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms and in particular the right to privacy. It also ensures the free movement of such data and of electronic communication equipment and services in the community. There is an axis of the European telecommunications policy called the â€Å"technological development in telecommunications, which is pursued by research in advanced communication technologies and services. European research technological development policy is directed towards strengthening the scientific and technological basis of community industry and encouraging it to become more competitive at international level, while promoting all the research activities considered necessary by virtue of other chapters of the Treaty.[10] Other axis is known as â€Å"trans-European telecommunications network†. The networks are national digital networks which aim to introduce innovative trans-European services in the general interest. They also aim to contribute to the development of the information society in terms of growth, employment, social cohesion and participation for all in he knowledge-based economy.[11] Assessment of the policy The European telecommunications policy is said to have contributed greatly to the development of the telecommunication industry.[12] A member of the European Union Commission responsible for information society and media also claims that: â€Å"†¦ good implementation of the EU framework is paying off. EU countries that have applied the EU rules in a timely and efficient manner, following the principle of competition, have clearly achieved the best results in terms of investment in new networks and take-up of new innovative services It is rare for issues to arise where social justice and economic reality go hand in hand. I believe this is the case for the Information Society. All countries will have to liberalise their telecom networks in the end. This is unavoidable. Those that fight against it often do so in the name of social justice. They argue that liberalisation will reduce economic and social cohesion. The rich will get richer and the poor will be poorer. However, there is no inherent conflict between liberalisation and social justice in the field of the Information Society.†[13] According to the Commissioner, Variations of regulatory approach are today an obstacle to the internal market and to effective competition: If a national regulator in country A applies the EU rules vigorously to the operators on its market, while the national regulator in country B adopts a more lenient policy towards the dominant operator by adopting remedies later or in a less efficient way, this gives companies in country B an unfair competitive advantage over companies in country A. In Europe’s internal market, this is unacceptable. The Commissioner expressed belief that the Commission should be able to ensure consistency in remedies proposed by national regulators to enhance competition in market dominated by one or more operators. This, the Commissioner said was a logical adjunct to the Commission’s current role as regards market definitions and market power assessments. The Commission has three functions within the telecommunications area: the promotion of European telecommunications policy; regulation of competition and as a watchdog on the application of the Treaty of Rome. The commissioner’s remarks show that the aim of the policy has not been fully achieved. It is correct to say that, the European telecommunication policy has its shortcomings. First of all, one wonders how a policy which has separate national regulators for each member country can be said to be effective. There is no doubt that if the EU wants to achieve a real level playing field where telecommunication operators can compete satisfactorily with one another then there must be an independent telecommunications authority whose duty would be to ensure efficient implementation of the rules across member states. Such an authority would have the authority to require national regulators to co-operate with it. It is argued that the creation of a centralised authority was successf ully prevented by member states even though centralisation was regarded as a necessary step in the process of liberalisation and promotion of an integrated enfrastructure.[14] One criticism directed at the policy is that the regulatory regime has evolved which is framed and instructed by European guidelines but varies from member state to member state in several respects without a short-term or medium-term perspective to converge on a single regulatory model.[15] Alabau (2006) also argues that one does not have to analyse it very hard to realise that what the Commission wanted to do was simply to impose a single European licence, making services subject to the same policy that it applied to the free movement of goods. That was why the Framework Directive referred to Article 8 of the Treaty. In his view, the Member States were not going to give way on the mutual recognition of licences. Granting licences for operating telecommunications services in their territory represented an area of sovereignty that they simply were not prepared to give up. This situation, which might have made sense in the case of value added services, verged on the unreasonable when the decision to liberalise voice telephony services and infrastructures was made.[16] It was revealed during the EU telecom conference in Geneva in 1999 a number of issues could be identified. The first was the degree of independence enjoyed by national regulators. At a minimum, regulated authorities must be independent of the telecommunications operator(s) if any liberalisation of services is to be successful. Competitors should not enter a market unless the dominant operator is subject to independent regulation to ensure that monopoly services are provided to competitors at a price that allows them to compete effectively. Second, it was observed that notwithstanding the progress that has been made in many market segments, incumbents still largely dominate national markets. The biggest problem in this respect is their overwhelming dominance in local access networks. Some member states are believed to have already responded to this by forcing the incumbent to unbundle the local loop. Third, wide variations in the degree of competition between Member States are inevita ble, given their different starting points. However, this is also the result of differences in the regulatory framework, which in some areas is not consistently applied. It is for European Commission to set an overall telecommunications policy framework in the distribution of licenses. The duty of the National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) was to implement such objectives through specific legislative measures. All member states awarded more than one license in accordance with EU competition rules. However, while some states preferred to award licence through auction, others opted for what is known as the â€Å"beauty contest†. There are a number of flaws associated with either of these options. In any member state where auctioning was preferred, it emerged that the auctioning was problematic. The licence fee is said to be extremely high. â€Å"The danger of an open-ended auction is that the companies, in trying to outdo each other, will drive up the costs ridiculously.†[i] The ‘ridiculous costs’ of licenses may generate a chain of events with profound implications on 3G services and on overall economic welfare. One argument against auctioning states that due to the high cost of spectrum, telcos are forced to pass these costs on to consumers via higher prices, which in turn, retards the development of mobile data services due to lower mobile uptake by consumers). Ultimately, the deceleration in development will have wide-ranging implications for national economies as a whole†.[17] Auctions is also said to favour well-capitalised incumbent telcos which can afford to pay high premiums for spectrum, while smaller, possibly more innovative telcos who may be able to develop products faster while providing it at a better service, are left out due to capital constraints. Consequently, fewer competitors will exist in the market, keeping prices higher and products and services less innovative.[18] With regard to licence fee, the British Government has been criticised. It observed that higher prices to the consumer and the threat of investment stifling in 3G networks were both risks that might delay the rollout of 3G services and ultimately, adversely affect a country’s economic development. Many governments, including Ireland, have chosen not to use an auction to avoid the aforementioned risks. According to Professor Peter Cramton from the University of Maryland, beauty contests suffer from several problems. First, they are extremely slow and wasteful.[19] Second, beauty contests lack transparency. It is difficult to see why one proposal won out over another. Worse yet, the ability of the regulator to successfully identify the best proposals is limited.[ii] The Radio communications Agency, which manages the UK’s radio spectrum, admits it considered various options for 28GHz, including a beauty contest. But in a report on the two processes, it concluded that with a beauty contest it would be difficult to keep the selection procedure 1) objective, 2) non-discriminatory and 3) transparent, as required by the EC Licensing Directive.[20] It argued that the danger of utilizing beauty contests as a basis for assigning licenses for 3G mobile networks is that the criteria may be influenced by subjectively biased national factors that may prejudice open decision making.[21] Conclusion It will be unfair to say that the European telecommunications policy has not achieved any success. One may to a large extent agree with the assertion that the policy has contributed greatly the development of the telecommunication industry. However, as seen above, the policy is far from perfect. The entire blame cannot be shifted to the European Commission. The unwillingness on the part of member states to have an independent European telecommunications authority has contributed to the problem. Having identified this as a problem herself, the EU Commissioner responsible for information society and media stated at the 2006 European Competitive Telecommunications Association conference that the most effective and less bureaucratic way to achieve a real level plying ground field for telecom operators was to replace the present system by an independent authority that will act like European Central Bank. One cannot but only that in future member states will realise the need to have such a system in place. References Chapman, Matt. â€Å"Auction of Radio Spectrum Comes Back to Haunt Telcos,† Network News,  Sep 6, 2000 Eliassen, Kjell, A. and Sjovaag, Marit. European Communication Liberalisation. London:  Routledge. 1999 Lehr, W. and T. Kiessling. (1999). Telecommunication Regulation in the United States,  Europe: The Case for Centralized Authority. In S. Eisner Gillett and I. Vogelsang,  eds, Competition, Regulation, and Convergence. Current Trends in Telecommunications Policy Research. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 105-20. Reding, Viviane, Review of the EU Telecom Rules: Strengthening Competition and Completing  the Internal Market†. 27 June 200http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/422> Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund, Telecommunications Policy. In Graziano,  Paolo, and Vink, Maarten, eds Europeanization: New Research Agendas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (2006). Chapter 20  Nourafchan, Raphael. The Political Economy of European Telecommunications Policy: auctions  versus Beauty Contests Footnotes [1] Moussis, Nicholas, Access to European Union: Law, Economic Policies. Rixensart, Belgium: European.  Union Services [2] Repealed, see Council Decision (1999/468 EC) [3] Directive 1999/5/EC [4] Directive 2002/21/ EC [5] Directive 2002/19/EC [6] Directive 2002?20/ EC [7] The reasons are set out in Article 46(1) of the Treaty [8] Directive 2002/22/EC [9] Directive 2002/58/EC [10] Decision 182/1999/EC [11] Decision 336/97/EC [12] Liikanen, Erkki, Telecom 1999 Conference, Geneva, 1999. 07 August 2007. http://ec.europa.eu/archives/commission_1999_2004/liikanen/media/speeches/19991010.htm> [13] Reding, Viviane, Review of the EU Telecom Rules: Strengthening Competition and Completing the  Internal Market†. 27 June 2006. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/06/422> [14]  Lehr, W. and T. Kiessling. (1999). Telecommunication Regulation in the United States,  Europe: The Case for Centralized Authority. In S. Eisner Gillett and I. Vogelsang, eds,  Competition, Regulation, and Convergence. Current Trends in Telecommunications  Policy Research. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 105-20. [15]  Schneider, Volker and Werle, Raymund, Telecommunications Policy. In Graziano,  Paolo, and Vink, Maarten, eds Europeanization: New Research Agendas.  Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (2006). Chapter 20 [16] Alabau, Antonio, â€Å"European Union and its Electronic Communications Policy; Thirty Years In Perspective† [17]Nourafchan, Raphael. The Political Economy of European Telecommunications Policy: auctions versus Beauty  Contests [18] Ibid. [19] Even with streamlined hearings, it took the FCC an average of two years to award thirty cellular licenses. Competitors  Spend vast sums trying to influence the regulator’s decision (Peter Cramton 2001). [20]  Chapman, Matt. â€Å"Auction of Radio Spectrum Comes Back to Haunt Telcos,† Network News, Sep 6, 2000 [21] Telecoms Standards Approvals Review, â€Å"3G Licensing: France to Use Selection Process,† Jun 20, 2000 [i] [ii]

The Skating Party

The short story â€Å"The Skating Party† by Merna Summers is about a love triangle conveying the theme that it is essential for individuals to make rational decisions because they will have to endure the consequences for the rest of their lives. Having been raised on a farm in Willow Bunch, Nathan Singleton aspired to become a farmer with a devoted wife. Contrary to his goal, he left his home and relocated to the city to become a teacher. Then, he ultimately returned to Willow Bunch to focus on his farming career. â€Å"In some ways it seemed as if he had never really left Willow Bunch†¦I found it hard to imagine him as I knew he must be in his classroom: wearing a suit, chalk dust on his sleeve, putting seat work on the blackboard. He didn't even talk like a teacher. † (Summers 187-188) The significance of character revelation in this quote highlights Nathan's personality traits that are reminiscent of a stereotypical farmer. This justifies why Maida found it diff icult to visualize Nathan possessing personality traits pertaining to a stereotypical teacher. With further inference, it can be concluded that his specific traits didn't effectively complement his teaching career.This incompatibility influenced him to return to Willow Bunch, where his childhood aspiration almost came to fruition when he became engaged with Eunice Lathem. Though unfortunately, he receded to teaching in the city once again after her demise. Nathan's indecisive demeanour regarding his career is symbolized by engraving a tattoo on your body. The consequence was the absence of occupational stability in his life, a reminder which is symbolized by the fact that a tattoo is permanently etched onto your skin.Secondly, the theme of â€Å"The Skating Party† is reinforced through Delia's decision to skate with Nathan at the skating party. Due to the lengthy duration of time they spent together, Eunice became infuriated because she detected intimacy. Delia then agreed to skate with Eunice in order to calm her down. Eventually, they both fell through the ice; Eunice's death was the price for Delia's survival. â€Å"Eunice Lathem's sister, whose name was Delia Sykes, moved away from Willow Bunch right after the accident. † (Summers 191) This quote represents Delia's character development.From a very extroverted, flamboyant character, she confined herself in a shell due to the torment caused by the outcome of her decision and its role in Eunice's death. This categorizes her as a dynamic character. She then left Willow Bunch, believing that isolating herself from her friends and family would be the only way to atone for her mistake. Delia made an irrational decision to skate with Nathan which is symbolized by choosing to have a tattoo drawn onto your skin. Her decision indirectly resulted in Eunice's death, a traumatizing experience she endured for the rest of her life that is symbolized by the adherence of a tattoo.It will always be with her; o ne glance at it will remind her of the skating party. Lastly, the theme of â€Å"The Skating Party† is accentuated through Nathan's decision to save Delia instead of Eunice. â€Å"The one pair of arms had white fur around them. And I reached for the other pair† (Summers 199) This quote revealed Nathan's true desire and who he valued the most in his life. It also implies the inner conflict he experiences, such as reflecting on the credibility of his decision and evaluating possible outcomes if he acted differently.Such thoughts prevent him from achieving tranquility. Like a tattoo, the remorse Nathan's burdened with will stay for the remainder of his life as a result of choosing to save Delia and allowing Eunice to perish. Nathan's inability to choose a career, Delia's decision to skate with Nathan, and Nathan's decision to save Delia instead of Eunice emphasizes the theme of â€Å"The Skating Party†: it is necessary to make decisions rationally in order to avoid regrets and live a satisfying life.

Proposal for Artemis Sportswear Company Essay

Cutting operational expenses is something ever organization must learn to balance to ensure productivity and profit margins increase for the company. An increase profit margin is the bottom line for any business and its stakeholders. In order to cut operational expenses productively Artemis Sportswear needs a comprehensive look at the everyday operational expenses. Cutting the everyday expenditures is in need of balance, because to much cuts can cause lose of productivity which in the end will not achieve the desired affect of increase profits. Cutting operational expenses also affects the work force of Artemis Sportswear. This proposal is to define the expenses that need or could be to cut to ensure the success of Artemis Sportswear and how these cuts will affect the workforce. Cutting everyday expenses can help lower operational expenses. When purchasing office supplies, generic is going to be less expensive than brand name products. Buying the store brand name is generally sold at a lower cost. Buying supplies in bulk is cost effective over a long period of time. Leasing equipment is better than buying equipment. When leasing you have the opportunity to upgrade or downgrade when necessary. Technology is always changing and improving, so by leasing there is the option to stay current with the new changes in the equipment. Leased equipment always comes with an insurance policy, which is not needed if there is a currant insurance policy with the company. To avoid being double charged register with your companyÂ’s insurance broker then submit a copy of the new insurance to the leasing company to have it dropped. Smaller equipment such as telephones, printers, fax machines and calculators should be purchased not leased. Usually the smaller equipment will hold its value over time and can be easily replaced if needed. Shopping for bargains or sales of the smaller equipments can save a considerable amount of money. Finding a 3 in 1 package which would include a telephone, fax and printer can also cut costs. Printing in bulk is another way to keep costs down because each copy is less expensive when purchased in larger quantities. Researching various companies for the best rates on telephone services; checking both long distance and local calling plans. Companies that have  plans of unlimited local and long distance are generally the best deals. Another possibility to look into is how much a telephone company charges for each fax that is sent. Most companies charge a flat rate of a minute instead of six second increments which adds up over a period of time. Out sourcing is a great way to significantly cut down costs. The way outsourcing works is when a company obtains a contract with another company to provide services for them. There are many types of companies that specialize in many different services. Companies can rely on outsourcing if they themselves cannot afford or do not want to spend the money on the expensive equipment. These companies can produce less expensive products and labor. In most cases they do not pay their employees benefits and the hourly amount the employees receive is usually very low. These companies typically have less overhead to worry about, making it possible to pay less for their work. These types of contracts are generally done overseas, such as China and India. Outsourcing not only cuts down costs, but it also can aid in expanding the business by building foundations in different countries. The benefit to expanding is more income coming in. Another benefit from outsourcing is that it helps to reduce the work that managers perform allowing them to take care of bigger issues. Of course outsourcing has its disadvantages; it can take away from the personality of the company, by not having a personal communication between the company and clients. “In business, your profits are your reward for your endeavors. In fact, profitability is the only reliable measurement of a business’ success. Profits are the very lifeblood of a business. They fuel growth, support the owners, provide for the well being of the staff, and ultimately determine the success or failure of the business.” Peters Elworthy and MooreCutting operational expenses to increase profit margins is key for Artemis Sportswear to continue selling quality sportswear. First cutting operational expenses in house is a must. In house is where everything begins so thatÂ’s the first place to begin cuts. Hiring a company to help budget Artemis Sportswear is a smart way to educate employees to cut costs. A budget company will first evaluate immediate saving opportunities for Artemis Sportswear by reviewing operating expenses and guiding higher office and  employees to cut operational expenses. Investing in a company to help budget Artemis Sportswear is a smar t way to cut costs and raise profits. There are other ways to cut cost without hiring professionals to help budget the company. Using the internet to search for ideas is also an inexpensive way to save money. After saving money from not hiring a budget cutting company, it will add to ArtemisÂ’s profits. Ideas such as those on ehow.com, ezinearticles.com, and pem.com can save money and just as important, time. Simple tips and ideas like not making cuts without considering the consequences, to leasing gives the option of upgrading or downgrading, depending on needs and changes in technology. Sitting down with the companyÂ’s decision makers and brainstorming strategies to cut spending is another inexpensive way to keep costs low. Look over company expenses and create a list of needs or must haves. Review the companyÂ’s business plan and see what necessary costs have to be made in order for the company to meet its objectives, goals and overall mission. Think about cutting full-time workers into part-time workers or making the positions contract without benefits. Proposal for Artemis Sportswear CompanyWhen discussing cost cutting measures, it is imperative to consider the costs to the employees. When payroll is cut, how Artemis carries the process out can have a negative effect on the employees left and most certainly will have an effect on their work production. Keogh (2001) claims, “Economic trends have been at its worst since 1991” (p 17). A few things have been learned about payroll slashing since then. Some companies are asking the employees what to do in order to cut costs before cutting payroll and have received replies as simple as saving energy to more convoluted solutions. Energy savings alone can result in savings of thousands of dollars. Another fact that has been learned is that it takes a community to support a business. The resulting cuts can have people losing their homes and moving  away from the city that Artemis Sportswear resides in. With loss in population, higher tax levies for businesses may result. The local retail trade is affected. This will also affect the local unemployment rate with an increase in government supplements and food stamps. When people have worked with a company for many years, they donÂ’t have any skills for searching for a job. Even termination can be done with care. It is advised to give ample notice of termination and information about benefits. A company can be hired to help workers cope with “career transition” (Austin, 2001, p 60). When layoffs are activated, the resulting production of the left over employees may or may not be affected; depending upon how the terminations were made. When workers are cut, service is cut. A better idea may be to cut per hour costs or offer early retirement packages for senior employees. A hiring freeze may be a viable alternative. Employees who leave the company are not replaced. Along with lower cost per hour, this might take a while for the company to see profit increase, but if the employees are made to feel part of the solution to its own problems, there may be a significant production increase. This is a point that retraining would come in. Companies like Federal Express and Saturn have gone to retraining programs instead of immediate terminations. Buckstein (1997) explains that “training has yielded $30 for every dollar invested…” (p 131). Bonuses are paid to managers who volunteer to participate as instructors. Retraining consists of team building and changes in workplace culture. Employers can restate what is expected of the workers and let them become aware of what the new focus of Artemis Sportswear is. Company values and ArtemisÂ’s mission statement can be communicated. Employees can be reenergized, knowing that Artemis is trying to keep staff and prevent layoffs. Work assignments can be filled by more than one person as well as rotate, to prevent boredom. This can give a boost to productivity. It is essential to supply information to the workers about proposed changes.  Greenhalgh and McKersie (1980) caution “…rumored use of the layoff strategy leaves employees with a feeling of employment insecurity which affects their work, their relationship with management, and their commitment to continue working for the organization” (p 577). If rumors are circulating, Artemis does not have an accurate measure of their cost cutting implementation strategy. Bleckstein (1997) summarizes, “But a firmÂ’s ability to learn faster than its competitors may be its only sustainable competitive advantage” (p 131). This translates to research. Management must consider the costs overall before cutting jobs. Most important, management must consider the costs to their loyal employees when research indicates effective money saving alternatives. Artemis Sportswear has a few options open to them before cutting payroll. Kinsman (2001) warns, “ItÂ’s time for corporations to start thinking about all the pieces of the success equation before lopping off payroll” (4). Conclusion Business is ever changing in the new world economy. Artemis Sportswear like any other business and will have to take steps to improve business and profit margins. The use of cutting operational expenses is shown in many different forms from out sourcing to cutting back everyday expenses. These are essential for improving the profit margins of Artemis Sportswear but the consideration of how these cuts can affect the worker of the company. References Austin, P. (2001). The making of a one-company ghost town. Business and Society Review, 59-64. Retrieved April 16, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Blickstein, S. (1997). A wider view of training effectiveness. Industrial and Commercial Training, 29(4), 131-132. Retrieved April 11, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Greenhalgh, L., & McKersie, R. B. (1980, November/December). Cost-effectiveness of alternative strategies for cut-back management. Public Administration Review, 575-584. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Kelly, L. (1996). The costs of cost-cutting. Worklife Report, 10(2), 3. Retrieved April 16, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Keough, J. (2001). The trouble with layoffs. Industrial Distribution, 90(8), 17. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from from EbscoHost database. Kinsman, M. (2001, March 12). The problem with cutting staff in lean times. Westchester County Business Journal,4-8. Retrieved April 12, 2008, from the EbscoHost database. Wise Geek. (2003-2008). Wise Geek: What is Outsourcing?. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-outsourcing.htm

Celia, a Slave Essay - 1075 Words

Celia, a Slave is the epitome of the relationship between slaves and their owners and also the slaves and other whites in the 1850’s. This is based on her interactions with her owner Robert Newsom and her reactions mainly with the community involved in her court case. These relationships affected more so the women slaves rather than the men slaves because of their weaker nature as perceived by the sexual differences of the time period between men and women in general. Slavery is questioned by the morals of the Northerners and some Southerners though it is common in the South so most Southerners reinforce the ideas of slavery with their own morals, believing slaves as meaningless because of their difference. Celia was bought by Robert†¦show more content†¦Though her story was that of defense from her master: she had acted alone, struck her master to stop his advances, and had not intentionally killed him, Missouri’s pre-Civil War court system was unable to prote ct her claims because she was a slave and they were unwilling to change their beliefs about slaves and how they should be viewed and treated in society. (as proved previously in the case Dred Scott vs. Sandford.) These were the most frequent reactions of the Southerners; however a man named John Jameson took her side and defended her and her actions toward Robert Newsom as acts of defense against his advances, and claimed she had the right, by law, to use deadly force to protect herself against rape, regardless of her previous sexual relations with him. Though, because of the southerners’ hate of the slaves and their desire to treat them as inferiors, they did not deliver the evidence necessary to acquit her for her â€Å"crime.† Having lost the trial, Celia’s attorneys filed a motion to request a new trial on October 11th. However, Judge Hall denied the motion on October 13th and Celia was sentenced to be hung on November 16th. She was given this time before be ing executed to birth her child, as law stated that pregnant women could not be executed. This shows that there is a bit of equality between women when dealing with court systems at this time,Show MoreRelatedCelia, A Slave And The Slave1137 Words   |  5 PagesCelia, a Slave We have been reading a novel called Celia, A Slave. Celia, A Slave was written by a man named Melton A. McLaurin. The book was published in 1991 by the University of Georgia Press. This book that I have consists of one hundred and fourth three pages. In the novel Celia, A Slave, Melton A. McLaurin composes, in great detail, the tragic and true story of a slave named Celia who killed her master and then disposed of him by burning his body in her cabin on June 23, 1855. This was saidRead MoreSummary Of Celia A Slave1416 Words   |  6 PagesCelia, a Slave was a factual interpretation of one isolated incident that depicted common slave fear during the antebellum period of the United States. Melton A. McLaurin, the author, used this account of a young slave woman s struggle through the undeserved hardships of rape and injustice to explain to today s naive society a better depiction of what slavery could have been like. The story of Celia illustrates the root of racial problems Americans still face in their society. Although not nearlyRead MoreThe Trial Of Celia, A Slave1749 Words   |  7 PagesThe trial of Celia, a slave, is a murder case arising out of Calloway County, Missouri wherein Celia (the defendant) 19 years of age, ki lled Robert Newsom her (slave master). Celia was later charged with first degree murder and was sentenced to be hung by William Hall (the judge) for her allegedly criminal intent actions. Upon reading several different articles and a book of this case, I came across every iota I needed to briefly summarize the facts that which led me to believe that Celia was rightlyRead MoreEssay On Celia A Slave1102 Words   |  5 PagesCelia, A Slave was written by a man named Melton A. McLaurin in 1999. Melton has written many books about his lifelong interests of racism. In fact he even received the Lillian Smith award for his book Separate Pasts: Growing Up in the Segregated South and a notable book selection award from the New York Times for Celia, A Slave. Melton says â€Å"The case of Celia A slave reminds us that the personal and the political are never totally separate entities† (xiv). Celia, A Slave is about fourteen year oldRead MoreEssay On Celia A Slave868 Words   |  4 Pag esIn the book Celia, A Slave by Melton A. McLaurin, a slave woman all alone has to cope with a master who is always making her have sex with him. Newson, the master, fathered two children with her. When Celia kills her master, the man she loved turned against her, and she went on trial for Newson’s murder. The author Melton A. McLaurin tells the reader about the lives of the men and women of the nineteen century and about the life and death of a slave named Celia. He wants the reader to understandRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Celia A Slave 1396 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States History I Dr. Heckel 11/23/15 Celia A Slave The book â€Å"Celia A Slave† starts off with mainly a young black girl named Celia. She get sold in a slave auction to a man named Robert Newsom. This man continually rapes Celia who gets pregnant with his child and gives birth to the child. The sad part is that the child she just had would grow up to be her father’s property later in her life. Then it changes when one day Mr. Newsom attempted to rape Celia again when she accidentally killed himRead MoreCelia, A Slave By Melton Mclaurin1433 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Celia, A Slave† written by Melton McLaurin paints a full story of an African slave named Celia in the period of 1850s. She was bought by Robert Newsom, her white master, to serve his sexual relationship. She was put into trial after killing her master in an attempt to stop him from sexual advance and then burned his body in the fireplace. This incident appalled residents in Callaway County and Missouri in a historical period when the neighboring Kansas Territory deeply involved into a furious disputeRead MoreCelia, A Slave : A True Story1045 Words   |  5 PagesPhilip Chapman HTY 141 0001 December 10, 2014 Celia, A Slave: A True Story By: Melton A. McLaurin Published by: HarperCollins Publishers, 1999 The book Celia, A Slave is the factual story about a girl that takes place in Calloway County Missouri. Celia was brought to court for the murder of her master and disposing of his body in her fireplace. The author, Melton McLaurin, describes in graphic detail her sexual abuse from her master, Robert Newsome, and events leading up to her court appearanceRead MoreCelia, A Slave, By Melton Mclaurin986 Words   |  4 Pagesand the South. Slave owners of this time would dehumanize people of color and claim them as personal property. The book, Celia, A Slave, by Melton McLaurin, follows the life of a fourteen-year-old slave named Celia who was viscously raped for several years by her master, Robert Newsom. After the death of his wife, Newsom searched for a slave that could fulfill his sexual needs although he knew that Missouri was going through several debates regarding the issue of slavery. Celia had feelings forRead MoreSlavery And Politics : Celia, A Slave1091 Words   |  5 Page sSlavery and Politics Celia, a Slave was a truthful elucidation of one disengaged episode that delineated basic slave dread amid the prior to the war time of the United States. Melton A. McLaurin, utilized this record of a youthful slave lady s battle through the undeserved hardships of assault and unfairness to disclose to today s guileless society a superior delineation of what servitude could have been similar to. The tale of Celia delineates the base of racial issues Americans still face in